“基础能力”社会工作理论

Social Work Theory of“Basic Capability”

基于长期的理论和实践研究,本文提出以"基础能力"为根目标的社会工作理论。该理论强调"人与社会的关系"以及人在两者关系中所发挥的主动性,并从这一角度阐释社会问题的形成与社会工作的核心功能。基础能力是指人的知识系统、经验系统与感知系统之间的对话机制,它作用于人与人之间的关系、人与世界之间的关系,实用能力形成于其之上。因广义教育缺失导致的基础能力的缺失,是目前最根本的隐性社会问题。社会工作最根基、最核心的任务在于:推动服务对象形成基础能力(助人),进而形成实用能力(自助),使其能较好地掌控过日子、渡难关的生活历程。基础能力建设需从感知系统的改变入手,它要求社会工作者具备广义教育的意识与能力。以基础能力为根目标的社会工作理论,可为社会工作的学科发展和职业发展以及系统性教育思想体系的构建指明方向。

Based on long-term theoretical and practical research,this paper puts forward the social work theory with"basic capability"as the root goal.This theory emphasizes the"relationship between individual and society"and individual’s initiative in the relationship between them,and explains the formation of social problems and the core function of social work from this perspective.Social changes affect individuals and families,put forward new requirements for people,and change the relationship between people and society.The relationship between people and society(or individual and environment)determines whether"problems"appear or not.This paper puts forward the third concept"unknown world"outside the life world and the system world at the environmental level,and puts forward the core concept"basic capability"at the levels of"people and people"and"people and the world",trying to explain the problem from the core level.The unknown world refers to the world around us that people are limited by their own perception system,experience system and knowledge system and fail to set foot in.To enter the unknown world requires people’s initiative.The initiative to explore the unknown world comes from people’s"basic capability".In this paper,"capability"is structured and divided into basic capability and practical capability.Basic capability refers to the dialogue and circulation mechanism between people’s knowledge system,experience system and perception system.It acts on the relationship between people and the relationship between people and the world.Practical capability refers to the capability required by the life world,system world and unknown world."Basic capability"is not only the premise and foundation of practical capability,but also the basis of EQ formation.The formation of basic capability depends on people’s"initiative",which comes from people’s positive socialization process and the accumulation of positive experience and feelings.However,negative feelings or frustrations are not the decisive factors that hinder people from forming basic capability."Education in broad sense"is a watershed or key factor in the formation of basic capability.If people get the education in broad sense,they can maintain curiosity and the initiative of observation,thinking and action,promote the dialogue and circulation of the three systems,and form basic capability.Its characteristics are:internal,forming self-education;externally form systematic thinking;If there is a lack of education in broad sense,negative feelings or frustrating experiences lead to the stagnation of development of experience system and perception system,people are no longer curious about the environment and no longer take the initiative to observe,think and act,the three systems can not form a dialogue,and the basic capability can not be formed.Its characteristics are:internal,no self-education;externally,form empirical thinking.The function of basic capability can be summarized as follows:when people’s basic capability is formed and their three systems are in the dialogue mechanism,people will establish a reflective relationship with themselves;When the basic capability promotes the formation of the practical capability of the relationship between people,people will establish a reflective relationship with others;When the basic capability promotes the formation of the practical capability of the relationship between people and the world,people will establish a reflective relationship with the world.The establishment of three reflective relationships also means that people become responsible for themselves,others and the public.People in this state are not only independent,but also connected with others and the world.Therefore,the function of basic capability is far beyond promoting the formation of practical capability at the level of human relationship and human-world relationship.It can promote people to form behavior in line with values and morality.The lack of basic capability caused by the lack of education in broad sense is the most fundamental hidden social problem in China.Social work profession stands between people and society,between individuals and the environment.It is a kind of social response to people’s successful life course of daily living and overcoming difficulties.Basic capability is the key factor that affects the relationship between people,the relationship between people and the world,and determines the state of the relationship between people and society.Therefore,helping or promoting the client to form basic capability and then practical capability,so that they can better control the life process of daily living and overcoming difficulties,is the most fundamental goal and functional orientation of social work(root goal).Promoting people to form basic capability is"helping others"in social work.People form practical capability based on basic capability,is"self-helping"in social work.The basic capability training for adults must start with the perception system.The first stage is the cultivation or change of perception system,the second stage is promoting the dialogue between perception system and experience system,and the third stage is promoting the dialogue between perception system,experience system and knowledge system.The basic capability training requires social workers to have the consciousness and capability of education in broad sense.The contribution of social work theory with basic capability as the root goal to social work discipline and profession is reflected in three aspects:first,the discovery of basic capability makes people more clearly understand the root causes of problems,and points out the basic work direction for social work;second,this theory defines the relationship between basic capability and practical capability,clarifies the relationship between helping others and self-help,introduces the vague concept of EQ,and explains the formation and development rules of practical capability,providing a clear direction for the future formation of systematic educational ideology;third,this theory points out that the basic capability training for adults needs to start with the change of perception system,which is conducive to the smooth development of social work.