氮肥一次性基施对夏播鲜食甜玉米产量、品质和氮素利用效率的影响

Effects of One-Time Basal Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Fresh Ear Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Summer-Sown Fresh Sweet Corn

通过2年田间试验,研究了氮肥一次性基施对夏播鲜食甜玉米产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响,为鲜食甜玉米轻简化栽培技术提供科学依据。设置不施氮(N0)、普通尿素分次施用(CUS)、普通尿素一次性基施(CUB)和控释尿素一次性基施(CRUB)4个处理。结果表明,氮肥施用可以增加鲜食甜玉米的穗长、穗粗、行粒数和穗粒数,并显著提高鲜穗产量。与N0处理相比,施氮处理的鲜穗产量2年分别显著增加17.14%~22.03%和17.77%~26.39%,2年均是CRUB处理的增幅最大,CUS处理次之,CUB处理最低。CRUB与CUS处理间2年的鲜穗产量均无显著差异,2017年2个处理的鲜穗产量显著高于CUB处理,增幅分别为7.32%和6.96%。CRUB处理2年的植株氮素积累量显著高于CUB及CUS处理,并且2年的氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥表观利用率及经济效益均最高。鲜籽粒品质分析结果显示,不同施氮处理仅对鲜籽粒中的可溶性蛋白质含量有显著影响,对皮渣率、可溶性糖、还原糖和维生素C含量的影响不显著。CRUB处理2017年籽粒可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于CUB和CUS处理。综上,控释尿素一次性基施可以减少施肥次数,保障鲜食甜玉米鲜穗产量和籽粒品质,并提高氮肥利用率和增加农民收入。本研究可为湖北东部及相似生态地区的夏播鲜食甜玉米轻简化生产中氮素的管理提供参考依据。

This study investigated the effects of one-time basal application of controlled-release urea on the fresh ear yield, quality, and nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer-sown fresh sweet corn which could provide theoretical support for light and simple cultivation in fresh sweet corn production in Hubei province. Two years field experiments in 2016 and 2017 with four treatments including no nitrogen fertilizer(N0), split application of common urea(CUS), one-time basal application of common urea(CUB), and one-time basal application of controlled-release urea(CRUB) were set. The results showed that the ear length, ear diameter, kernels number per row, seeds number per ear and fresh ear yield increased significantly by nitrogen fertilizer application. Compared with N0, the fresh ear yield of nitrogen application treatments significantly increased by 17.14%-22.03% and 17.77%-26.39% in two years, respectively. CRUB obtained the highest fresh ear yield in two years, following by CUs and CUB treatments. There was no significant difference in fresh ear yield between CRUB and CUS in two years. Compared with the CUB in 2017, the fresh ear yields of CRUB and CUS increased by 7.32% and 6.96%. CRUB also significantly increased the total nitrogen uptake of fresh sweet corn as compared with the other N treatments in two years. In addition, nitrogen partial factor productivity(NPFP), nitrogen agronomic efficiency(NAE), the nitrogen recovery efficiency(NUE) and net economic benefit of CRUB were higher than that of CUB and CUS. Compared with the CUB and CUS, the CRUB significantly increased the content of soluble protein in grains in 2017. The different nitrogen applications did not affect the residue ratio, soluble sugar, and vitamin C contents. In summary, basal application of controlled-release urea could not only ensure yield and quality of fresh sweet corn, but also increase nitrogen use efficiency and farmer’s income. One-time basal application of controlledrelease urea could be one of best nitrogen management practices for the production of summer-sown fresh sweet corn in eastern Hubei and similar ecological area.