我国外商直接投资的变迁与前景展望

Changes and Prospect of China’s Foreign Direct Investment

改革开放以来,我国的外商直接投资在观念、政策、制度、环境、条件、优势、产业、区域等方面都发生着变迁,梳理这些变迁有助于正确认识我国外商直接投资的发展趋势,并理解外商直接投资在我国经济中的地位和作用。在观念方面,对外商直接投资的认识已经从早期的怀疑和争论转变为将其视为我国经济的重要组成部分,认同其在推动社会主义市场经济发展中具有不可忽视的积极功能;在政策方面,我国对外商直接投资的政策已从以所得税为核心的优惠政策转向以法律和制度保障外商直接投资的权益,以产业导向政策引导外商直接投资的流向,推动内外资企业享有同等的国民待遇;在制度方面,外商直接投资的行政审批制度已经废止,取而代之的是准入前国民待遇+负面清单的市场准入制度,负面清单逐步简化,外商直接投资准入范围不断扩大;在环境方面,相当长的时间内国际环境对我国吸收外商直接投资非常有利,许多国家鼓励本国资本流向中国,但随着我国经济实力的快速增长,美国及其盟友对华政策发生了明显改变,贸易投资保护主义加剧,经济全球化面临着空前挑战,我国外商直接投资的国际环境变得愈发复杂;在条件方面,外商直接投资面对着我国国民经济由高增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段,工业化由加速扩张转向结构调整,产能过剩取代市场短缺,要素成本优势弱化、市场优势加速形成;在优势方面,效率寻求型外商直接投资的优势下降,市场寻求型外商直接投资的优势上升,资源寻求型外商直接投资的优势发生结构性变化,战略资产寻求型外商直接投资的优势逐步提高;在产业方面,制造业外商直接投资的比重下降,服务业外商直接投资的比重超过制造业,高端制造业和高端服务业的外商直接投资快速增长;在区域方面,在东部地区使用外商直接投资仍占主要地位的同时,中西部地区吸收外商直接投资的规模逐步扩大,各种类型的特殊经济区在吸收外商直接投资中发挥排头兵的作用。外商直接投资作为国内经济循环和国际经济循环的重要衔接点,有望在我国经济高质量发展中获得更多商机,继续保持稳定增长趋势,在构建新发展格局中发挥独特功能。

Since reform an opening up,there has been great changes in the development of China’s foreign direct investment(FDI) in the aspects of concept,policy,institution,environment,terms of trade,advantage,industry and region.Reviewing these changes will be helpful for us to correctly understand the development trend of China’s FDI,and its position and function in China’s economy. In terms of concept,our understanding of FID has changed from suspicion and debate to seeing it as the important components of China’s economy;and its positive role in promoting the development of socialist market economy is identified,In terms of policy,China’s FDI related polices has changed from taking income tax as the core to guaranteeing the rights and interests of FDI with the help of law and regulation,guiding the flow of FDI with the help of industryoriented policy,and promoting the equal national treatment for both domestic and foreign enterprises. In terms of institution,the administrative approval system of FDI has been abolished;the market access system,which is the integration of preestablishment national treatment and negative list,has been adopted;the negative list has been gradually simplified;and the access scope of FDI has been continuously expanded. In terms of environment,in a comparatively long period of time,the international environment is beneficial to China to absorb FDI;many countries encourage the capital to flow to China;but,with the rapid growth of China’s economic strength,the United States and its allies significantly changed their China policy;trade protectionism has been strengthened;economic globalization is faced with great challenges;and the international environment of China’s FDI has changed to be more complicated. In terms of terms of trade,China’s national economic growth has changed from rapid development to high-quality development;the industrialization has changed from accelerated expansion to structural adjustment;market shortage has be supplanted by over-capacity;and the advantage of factor cost has been weakened,and market advantage has been formed. In terms of advantage,the advantage of efficiency-seeking FDI has been decreased;the advantage of market-seeking FDI has been increased;the advantage of resource-seeking FDI has been changed from the aspect of structure;and the advantage of strategic-asset-seeking FDI has been gradually improved. In terms of industry,the proportion of FDI in manufacturing has been decreased;the proportion of FDI in service has exceeded that of FDI in manufacturing;and FDI in higher-end manufacturing and higher-end service is increasing rapidly. In terms of region,FDI used in the easter region is still the primary part;the scale of FDI used in the central and western region has been gradually expanded;and in absorbing FDI,different kinds of special economic zones are playing more important roles. As the important connection between domestic and international circulation,FDI is expected to gain more business opportunities in China’s economic high-quality development,maintain its steady trend of growth,and play the unique role in establishing the new development pattern.