基于测量的量子计算研究进展

Research progress of measurement-based quantum computation

相比于量子门电路模型,基于测量的量子计算模型为实现普适量子计算提供了另一途径,且经过近二十年的发展其内涵已得到了极大丰富.本文对基于测量的量子计算模型的研究历史和现状进行综述.首先简要介绍该模型的基本理论,包括量子图态等资源态的概念和工作原理、模型的计算普适性和经典模拟方法、在相关量子信息处理领域的应用等.接着从量子物理特性的角度概括基于测量的量子计算模型和量子多体系统之间的紧密联系,包括量子纠缠、互文性、量子关联、对称保护拓扑序和量子物质相等作为计算资源所发挥的独特作用.然后,总结实现基于测量的量子计算模型的不同技术路线和实验成果.这些理论和实验方面的进展是不断推动可扩展容错量子计算机研制的力量源泉.最后,对该领域未来的研究方向进行讨论和展望,希望能启发读者进一步学习和探索相关课题.

Compared with the quantum gate circuit model,the measurement-based quantum computing model provides an alternative way to realize universal quantum computation,and relevant contents have been greatly enriched after nearly two decades of research and exploration.In this article,we review the research history and status of the measurement-based quantum computing model.First,we briefly introduce the basic theories of this model,including the concept and working principles of quantum graph states as resource states,the model’s computational universality and classical simulation methods,and relevant applications in the field of quantum information processing such as designing quantum algorithms and fault-tolerant error correction schemes.Then,from the perspective of quantum physical properties,which include the specific roles of quantum entanglement,contextuality,quantum correlations,symmetry-protected topological order,and quantum phases of matter as computing resources,the close relationship between measurement-based quantum computing model and quantum many-body system is presented.For example,a type of measurement-based computing model for exploiting quantum correlations can show a quantum advantage over the classical local hidden variable models,or certain symmetry-protected topological order states enable the universal quantum computation to be conducted by using only the measurements of single-qubit Pauli operators.Next,a variety of different technical routes and experimental progress of realizing the measurement-based quantum computing model are summarized,such as photonic systems,ion traps,superconducting circuits,etc.These achievements in various physical areas lay the foundation for future scalable and fault-tolerant quantum computers.Finally,we discuss and prospect the future research directions in this field thereby inspiring readers to further study and explore the relevant subjects.