不同来源大豆种质资源的田间鉴定与筛选

Field Identification and Selection of Excellent Soybean Germplasm Resources from Different Origins

旨在评价不同生态区大豆种质资源表型性状遗传多样性,为亲本选择和品种改良提供科学依据。以1580份来源于国外和中国北方、黄淮海、南方生态区的大豆种质资源为对象,分析21个形态描述型性状的遗传多样性,并对13个数量性状的遗传变异及其相关性进行综合分析。结果表明:21个描述型性状的Simpson多样性指数平均值在国外、中国北方、黄淮海、南方及总资源群体中分别为0.3459、0.3471、0.3459、0.3224、0.3577,荚色Simpson多样性指数最大,叶色Simpson多样性指最小。底荚高度、有效分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒数、株高、百粒质量、单株粒质量的遗传变异系数均大于30%,初花时间、主茎节数、茎粗、荚长、荚宽的遗传变异系数为20%~10%,生育时间的遗传变异系数小于10%。13个数量性状的Simpson多样性指数平均值在国外、中国北方、黄淮海、南方及总资源群体中分别为0.8136、0.8311、0.8259、0.8369、0.8265,说明该批大豆种质资源多样性丰富。相关分析表明,单株粒质量与其他12个重要农艺性状呈极显著正相关。通径分析发现百粒质量、单株粒数对单株粒质量的正向效应最大,其次为茎粗、单株荚数,而荚宽、株高、初花时间有负向效应。本研究揭示了该批大豆种质资源表型性状的遗传特点及其相互关系,以大豆单株产量构成性状为综合指标,结合生育时间表现,筛选出30份高产特异大豆种质,为合理选择亲本形成优势性状互补以进行大豆高产品种改良和选育提供参考。

The objective of this study is to evaluate the diversity of soybean germplasm resources by phenotypic traits and thus provide scientific basis for parental selection and variety improvement.A total of 21 phenotype and 13 agronomic traits were investigated in 1580 soybean germplasm resources from foreign countries and the Huang-Huai-Hai area,northern and southern ecological regions in China.The results showed that the mean of Simpson diversity index of 21 descriptive traits were 0.3459,0.3471,0.3459,0.3224 and 0.3577 in foreign countries,northern China,Huang-Huai-Hai area,southern China and total resource populations,respectively.Simpson diversity index was the highest in maturing pod color and the lowest in leaf color.The genetic variation coefficients of pod height at bottom,effective branch number,pod number per plant,seed number per plant,plant height,100-seed mass and seed mass per plant were all greater than 30%,the coefficient of genetic variation of initial flower days,number of nodes on main stem,stem diameter,pod length and pod width were between 20%and 10%,and the coefficient of genetic variation of growth duration was less than 10%.The mean of Simpson diversity index of 13 agronomic traits were 0.8136,0.8311,0.8259,0.8369 and 0.8265 respectively in foreign countries,northern China,Huang-Huai-Hai area,southern China and total resource populations,illustrating the rich diversity of soybean germplasm resources.The correlation analysis showed that seed mass per plant had significantly positive correlation with other 12 major agronomic traits.The path analysis showed that 100-seed mass,seed number per plant had the greatest positive effects on seed mass per plant,followed by stem diameter and pod number per plant,while pod width,plant height and initial flower days had negative effects.This study revealed the genetic characteristics and interrelationships of phenotypic traits of the soybean germplasm resources.The yield components of soybean per plant were taken as comprehensive index,combined with the performance of growth duration,thirty soybean germplasm with high yield and excellent performance were screened out,it is expected to provide a reference for selecting parents to form complementary dominant traits for the improvement and breeding of high-yield soybean varieties.