肿瘤免疫治疗药物的开发现状及展望

Current status and prospects of tumor immunotherapy drugs development

近年来,以PD-1/PD-L1为代表的免疫靶向药物在肿瘤治疗领域取得前所未有的成绩,免疫治疗俨然成为肿瘤治疗发展的主流方向,免疫治疗药物的开发也呈现"井喷式"爆发增长。根据所针对的免疫靶点,可以将当前研发的免疫治疗药物分为靶向T细胞的治疗、非特异性免疫药物、过继性细胞疗法、癌症疫苗、溶瘤病毒五种类型。重点回顾各种免疫药物治疗靶点、作用机制、研究前沿和存在的问题,可以为临床肿瘤医生和免疫治疗药物研究人员提供指导和帮助。目前众多的免疫治疗药物已经进入到临床试验阶段,并已针对不同类型的肿瘤产生疗效。免疫治疗药物的开发给肿瘤患者的长期生存获益带来了希望,极大地改善了以往恶性肿瘤治疗困境。同时也应当认识到,免疫治疗药物的开发仍面临诸多挑战,需要以科学理论为指导,谨慎、理性地开展。

In recent years, immune-targeted drugs represented by PD-1/PD-L1 have made unprecedented achievements in the field of tumor treatment. Immunotherapy has become one of the main therapeutic choices for cancer, and consequently, the research and development of immunotherapy drugs has experienced an explosive increase. According to the specific immune targets, the currently developing immunotherapy drugs can be categorized into five types: T cell-targeted therapy, non-specific immunotherapy drugs, adoptive cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and oncolytic viruses. Reviewing various immunotherapy targets, mechanisms of drug action, research frontiers and existing problems can provide guidance and assistance to clinical oncologists and drug researchers. Currently, many immunotherapy drugs have entered the stage of clinical trials and have produced curative effects on different types of tumors. The immunotherapy drugs are expected to bring long-term survival benefits for patients and improve the current dilemmas in treating cancer. At the same time, it should be recognized that there are still many challenges, and that developing immunotherapy drugs needs to be guided by science and rationality.