论双重属性下意定监护人的确立规则

On the Rules for Establishment of Intended Guardian under Dual Attributes

《民法典》确立意定监护制度,是我国监护制度的重大突破,但并未规定具体适用规则。意定监护的委托、监护双重属性引发双重规则缺位,其实质在于"尊重自我决定"与"保护被监护人利益"双重理念的角力。意定监护人的确立理念需以中国内生秩序的现实需求为基础,尊重当事人意愿为主,兼顾被监护人利益的保护。在意定监护与法定监护的顺位上,意定监护优先于法定监护,同时意定监护不受指定监护规则统辖,指定监护不能突破此顺位。对于有效意定监护人的认定,为保护被监护人利益,形式要件上类推适用遗嘱的规定;为尊重当事人自我决定,意定监护协议其他内容的效力一般情况下不影响意定监护人的确立。

The Civil Code did not stipulate specific applicable rules when establishing intended guardianship.Intended guardianship has the attributes of delegation and guardianship at the same time,which leads to the absence of dual rules.The essence lies in the struggle between"respect for self-determination"and"protect the interests of the ward".The identification of the intended guardian must be based on the actual needs of China’s internal order,respecting the wishes of the parties,and taking into account the protection of the interests of the ward.Intended guardianship has priority over legal guardianship;at the same time,intended guardianship is not governed by designated guardianship rules,and designated guardianship cannot break this order.For the determination of a valid intended guardianship,in order to protect the interests of the ward,the formal requirements should be strictly enforced,and the provisions of the will shall be applied analogously to it;in order to respect the ward’s self-determination,the validity of other contents of guardianship agreement generally does not affect the establishment of the intended guardian.