马克思反贫困理论的形成脉络与基本内容——基于人的发展视域

The Formation and Basic Content of Marx’s Anti-poverty Theory:Based on the Perspective of Human Development

马克思反贫困理论的形成脉络可分为四个时期:萌芽孕育时期,马克思萌生人道主义理想观念,产生寻求人的自由发展的意向,并初步认识产生贫困的原因及其对人的发展的影响;初步探索时期,马克思揭示资本主义制度造成人的贫困与非人化,揭示异化现象造成人的贫困并成为束缚人发展的异己力量;基本形成时期,马克思揭示人民群众特别是无产阶级在反贫困中的作用及历史使命,以唯物的、历史的、实践的观点考察"现实的个人"的生存发展状况,从生产力与生产关系辩证关系着手分析贫困原因及贫困斗争趋势,提出建立"自由人联合体"实现反贫困与人的自由全面发展;发展完善时期,马克思深刻论证贫困群众摆脱贫困的唯一出路是"剥夺者被剥夺",并设想共产主义社会高级阶段能实现贫困的消除与人的自由全面发展。对贫困产生的原因与反贫困的实现的探讨构成了马克思反贫困理论的基本内容。马克思从无产阶级受资本主义生产方式支配、无产阶级处于"以物的依赖性为基础的人的独立性"发展阶段两条线索分析贫困产生的原因,揭示出反贫困的根本途径在于推翻资本主义制度及建立共产主义制度,主要依靠力量为无产阶级及共产党人,最终目标为实现人的自由全面发展。

The formation of Marx’s anti-poverty theory can be divided into four periods:in the embryonic period,Marx sprouted the ideal of humanitarianism,produced the intention of seeking the free development of human beings,and preliminarily understood the causes of poverty and its influence on human development;in the initial exploration period,Marx revealed that the capitalist system caused people’s poverty and dehumanization,and revealed that alienation caused people’s poverty and became an alien force that bound people’s development;in the basic formation period,Marx revealed the role and historical mission of the people,especially the proletariat in anti-poverty,investigated the survival and development of"real individuals"from the materialist,historical and practical viewpoints,analyzed the causes of poverty and the trend of poverty struggle from the dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations,and proposed to establish a"free association"to realize anti-poverty and free and all-round development of human beings;in the period of development and perfection,Marx profoundly demonstrated that the only way out for poor people to get rid of poverty is to"the squeezer are deprived",and assumed that poverty can be eliminated and people can develop freely and comprehensively in the advanced stage of communist society.The discussion on the causes of poverty and the realization of anti-poverty constitute the basic content of Marx’s antipoverty theory.Marx analyzed the causes of poverty from two clues:the proletariat is dominated by capitalist mode of production and the proletariat is in the development stage of"human independence based on material dependence",revealing that the fundamental way to fight poverty lies in overthrowing the capitalist system and establishing the communist system,relying mainly on the proletariat and communists,and the ultimate goal is to realize free and all-round development of human beings.