黄老道家的正名和无为而治思想

Huang-Lao Taoist’s Thought of Rectification of Name and Governing by Inaction

先秦时期,无为之治至少为儒、道、法诸家所推崇,治主正名更是百家之通论。不过,对于无为的内涵与表现,儒、道、法之间存在着很大的思想分歧。至于正名的伦理政治意蕴及其功用,诸家虽皆有精辟之论,而尤以黄老道家之说为详备。在黄老道家那里,正名是无为之治的主要表现方式。其正名之说立足现实,以功利为导向,既对形名关系和正名的功用进行了深入的辨析,也揭示了正名与“法治”的一体相关性。同时,借助正名之说,黄老道家也张君权、尚权谋,引发了道家无为内涵的重要转变。在关于君道的阐释中,黄老道家还揭示了无为概念的虚静、不为与因应的内涵。三者中,虚静为本,不为和因应为用。唯有人君持守君道,体现无为之治的“名正法备”才能得到真正的落实。

In the Pre-Qin period,the rule of inaction was at least respected by Confucianism,Taoism and Legalism,and it is a general theory of all schools to advocate the rectification of names to govern the world.However,there are great ideological differences between Confucianism,Taoism and Legalism on the connotation and exhibition of inaction.As for the ethical and political implication and function of the rectification of name,although all the scholars have incisive theories,the theory of Huang-Lao Taoist is especially complete.In Huang-Lao Taoist’s thought,the main way of inaction is rectification of name.Based on reality and oriented by utility,it’s theory of rectification of name not only deeply discriminates the relationship between form and name and the function of rectification of name,but also reveals the inseparable relationship between rectification of name and“rule of law”.At the same time,with the help of the theory of rectification of name,Huang-Lao Taoist also put forward the idea of advocating monarchical power and political tricks,which triggered an important change in the connotation of inaction in Taoism.In the interpretation of way the King rules,Huang-Lao Taoist also revealed the connotation of Xu-jing(emptiness and still),Buwei(inactivity)and Yinying(to be conforming to)of concept of inaction.Among them,as the utilities,Buwei(inactivity)and Yinying(to be conforming to)are based on Xu-jing(emptiness and still).Only when the king follows the rules of conduct of king,can the“proper naming system and perfect rule of law”,which reflects the rule with inaction,be truly come true.