解“王莽九庙”建制之谜

The Explanation of the Mystery of the Establishment of“Wang Mang Nine Temples”

汉长安城城南发现的十二座建筑基址群,黄展岳先生判断为“王莽九庙”遗址,认为除王莽自定的九庙外,另外还增加了帝喾、田和、田建三庙,合为十二庙。顾颉刚先生认为多出的三座应是王莽自留庙及预留给后世子孙有功德者而为祖、宗之庙。王恩田先生则认为这组建筑群是王莽为西汉王朝所建的祖庙。从王莽尊崇的周代宗庙制度来分析,依照“三礼”记载的宗庙“昭穆”“迁祧”祭祀制度,顾颉刚先生的推断更为可信。而王莽之所以称“起九庙”而建十二座,其最根本的原因在于西汉王朝生前立庙但不称“庙”的传统,因此王莽在世之时不能宣称为自己立庙。这种生前立庙但不能称“庙”的现象,有汉以来就存在,是汉王朝的固有观念。而各基址“四向五室”的格局则源于西汉时期作为政治指导思想的五行宇宙观。

Huang Zhanyue judged that the twelve building base sites found in the south of Chang’an City in Han Dynasty were the site of“Wang Mang nine temples”,including three added temples of Diku,Tianhe and Tianjian,which are combined into twelve temples.Gu Jiegang claimed that the three more temples should be Wang Mang’s self retention temple and the temple of meritorious descendants.Wang Entian believed that this group of buildings is the ancestral temple built by Wang Mang for the Western Han Dynasty.From the analysis of the ancestral temple system of the Zhou Dynasty respected by Wang Mang,auording to“Three Rites”recorded the system of Zhao Mu and moving the temple,Gu Jiegang’s inference is more credible.The most fundamental reason why Wang Mang built twelve temples is the tradition of establishing temples in the Western Han Dynasty,but not calling them“temples”.This phenomenon of establishing a temple but not calling,has existed since the Han Dynasty,which is an inherent concept of the Han Dynasty.The pattern of“four directions and five chambers”is derived from the five elements cosmology as the political guiding ideology in the Western Han Dynasty.