清代档案史料的“虚构”问题研究--以《巴县档案》命案为中心

A Study of the Fiction of Archival Materials in Qing Dynasty:Centering on the Homicide Cases of Ba County Archives

清代地方档案中的命案为我们研究司法档案虚构问题提供了珍贵的史料来源。《巴县档案》命案显示,司法档案文书存在“真实”与“虚构”并存的复杂面相。司法档案存在“虚构”的问题在《巴县档案》“曹宗志自缢案”中展示得十分突出,从堂讯叙供到“通详”“招详”,直至四川总督的案情描述均有着程度不等的差异。而在“任四烧伤身死案”中均未发现“虚构”的存在。通过对“曹宗志自缢案”的解读发现,县衙上呈的“通详”文书认定的案情与县衙堂讯叙供及结状的差异是档案虚构最主要的表现形式。从《巴县档案》命案可知,在借助清代司法档案进行学术研究时,必须将通详与县衙堂讯叙供、结状等文书进行比较,方可避免档案虚构给学术研究带来的误导。

The homicide cases in the local archives of Qing Dynasty provide us with precious historical materials to explore the fiction of judicial archives.The homicide cases recorded by Ba County(巴县)Archives shows that there are complex aspects of“truth”and“fiction”coexisting in judicial documents.The problem of“fiction”in judicial archives is very prominent in the case of Cao Zongzhi(曹宗志)Hanging Himself in Ba County Archives.There are varying degrees of differences in the description of the case from the court hearing and confession to the case report,and then to the details of description of the case by the governor of Sichuan.However,no fiction was found in the case of Ren Si s(任四)Dying of Burns.Through the interpretation of the case of Cao Zongzhi Hanging Himself,one can find that the main form of the fiction in archives is the difference between the details of the case that determined by the case report presented by the county government office and the document of the confession and verdict of the county court.From the homicide cases of Ba County Archives,it can be seen that in academic research with the help of judicial archives of Qing Dynasty,it’s necessary to compare the different kinds of documents so as to avoid the misleading brought by the fabrication of archives.