从水田考古发现看畦田的发生

The Origin of Ridged Fields Through the Lens of Archaeological Findings of Paddy Fields

我国水田考古始于20世纪90年代初。根据目前出土的史前时期的十多处200多块水田遗迹进行总结,史前水田以小型和不规则形的平底浅坑式田块为主,都具有较为完善的灌溉体系。根据湖南澧县城头山、浙江余姚施岙和余杭茅山遗址发现的水田中的田埂形态分析,我国以方便灌溉为首要目的的畦田萌芽于距今6000年左右,以生土田埂界隔地下田面为标志;成熟于良渚文化中晚期,以人工田埂规划地面田为标志。畦田是水稻种植过程中的一大发明,之后的水田仍然延续着内部作畦的方法,并对后世北方地区的灌溉农业产生了深远的影响。

Archaeology of paddy fields in China began in the early 1990s.More than 200 paddy fields of prehistoric period that have been unearthed are mainly small shallow pits with irregular shapes and flat bottoms and all of those have relatively perfect irrigation systems.According to morphological analysis of ridges in paddy fields found in Chengtoushan Site(Lixian County,Hunan province),Shi’ao Site(Yuyao City,Ningbo,Zhejiang province)and Maoshan Site(Yuhang District,Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province),the furrow fields with convenient irrigation as the primary purpose in China sprouted around 6,000 years ago(marked by the boundary of raw soil ridges across underground fields)and matured in the middle and late stages of the Liangzhu Culture(marked by artificial ridge planning fields).As a great invention in the process of rice planting,the furrow field was still applied in later paddy fields by making internal furrows,and had a profound influence on the posterior irrigated agriculture in the northern region.