谢林自然哲学的思想宗旨与演进历史——以“大全一体”的肯定性发生史为中心

On the Leitmotiv and History of Development of Schelling’s Philosophy of Nature:Focusing on the Affirmative History of the Genesis of All-oneness

谢林的自然哲学与立足于经验实在性的康德哲学或着眼于人类理性教化提升之路的黑格尔哲学不同。它以"大全一体"这一人类世界的终极根据为基点,在充分尊重并展开以自然科学为代表的现代理性对世界之构造的同时,揭示这构造本身背后为人所忽视的根基与归宿。从这一点来看,谢林的20余种自然哲学著作呈现出思想形成、充实、成熟与深化的连贯性,并不杂乱;而它们关于双重本原及其平衡、"本质-形式"的发生结构、绝对者的肯定活动及其在人类世界的体现形式(各潜能阶次)的论说,也蕴含着中后期诸多思想的种子。如果我们从整个历史的角度,而非仅仅从谢林之后自然哲学遇冷的那几十年来看,便不会有意无意地屏蔽上世纪初以来学界希望从正面研究其思想遗产的呼声,为科学与哲学的发展打开更多的可能性。

Different from Kant’s philosophy,which bases itself on empirical reality,and Hegel’s,which stresses the cultivation and promotion of human Reason,Schelling’s philosophy of nature takes the final ground of the human world,namely “all-oneness( All-Einheit),”as its foundation. On the one hand it fully respects and unfolds the construction of the world by modern Reason,which is represented by natural science,while on the other revealing the long ignored divine foundation and end of this construction. From this viewpoint,Schelling’s works on philosophy of nature,which totaled more than 20 in number,present their coherence through formation,enrichment,maturation,and deepening;their doctrines about two-fold principles and their balance,about both the genesis-structure of essence-form and the affirmation of the Absolute and its forms of expression in human world( potencies),also contain many seeds of his later thought. If we view the problem from a longitudinal historical perspective rather than from that of the decades during which this philosophy was not held in esteem,we would neither consciously nor unconsciously neglect the appeals of some scholars to investigate the legacy of this philosophy head-on,and also provide more possibilities for the development of science and philosophy.