三重政治结构中的分离主义政党

The Secessionist Party in the Triple Political Structure

作为分离运动组织者、发动者和领导者的分离主义政党是特殊主义和排他主义意识形态的产物,在一定程度上是现代政党的"异化"。分离主义政党处于族群—区域、民族国家和世界政治秩序三重约束结构中。在整合族群—区域利益诉求的基础上,分离主义政党试图建立本族群—区域的主权国家。分离主义政党所在的民族国家和世界政治秩序有着不同的政治考量,对分离主义政党予以打击、限制、约束或支持。这种三角互动决定了分离主义政党的政治能力、政治意愿和政治态度,导致了不同分离主义政党实际政治表现与结果的差异,制约了分离运动的走向。对苏格兰民族党、自由亚齐运动和苏丹人民解放运动的案例考察检验了上述理论框架。因此,在分离主义政党治理和分离运动治理中,既要看到政治激励、经济发展、社会建设等方面有意识地倾斜到少数族群—区域可以瓦解分离主义政党建立的可能性和必要性,也要认识到强化治理所存在的国家界限,加强与他国、国际组织开展联合打击。

As the organizer, initiator and leader of the secessionist movement, the secessionist party is the product of the ideology of particularism and exclusivism, and to a certain extent, it is the alienation of the modern political party. The secessionist party is in the triple structure of ethnic-region, nation-state and world political order. On the basis of integrating the interests of ethnic groups and the region, the secessionist party tries to set up an ethnic-region sovereign state, and nation state and world politics have a different political interests gain and loss calculation, and take steps to combat, restrict, restrain or support the secessionist party. It is the interaction of this triple political structure that determines the political ability, political will and political attitude of the secessionist party, leads to the differences in the actual political performance and results of different secessionist parties, and restricts the direction of the secession movement. Case studies of the Scottish National Party, the Free Aceh Movement and the Sudan People.s Liberation Movement verify this hypothesis. The policy significance of this study lies in two aspects. On the one hand, it is necessary to see that political incentives, economic development and social construction consciously tilting towards ethnic minorities-regions can break the possibility and necessity of establishing secessionist parties. On the other hand, it is also necessary to recognize the national boundary of strengthening the governance on secessionist party and secession movement, and the necessity and feasibility of strengthening joint strikes with other countries and international organizations.