大变局下的中美人文交流安全化逻辑

Study on Securitization of People-to-people Exchange between China and U.S.in Momentous Changes

人文交流是中国对外交往的重要支柱,但自2018年以来,中国对外人文交流面临越来越多的挑战,其中,安全化成为最为突出的问题。美国试图通过安全话语塑造安全化行为,渲染中国对外人文交流造成的安全冲击,竭力将中国的人文交流建构为一种现实威胁。从理论上说,在安全化逻辑之下,中国对外人文交流在推动双边、多边关系上面临着信号竞争、溢出不畅和黏性受限等问题,并最终被建构为一个包括背景结构、权力关系、施动者和听众等要素在内的安全化系统。美国国内已经形成了针对中国人文交流的安全化运作系统,安全化施动者通过操纵“软实力”“锐实力”“影响力行动”等术语来塑造安全话语,并以法律、行政命令和舆论操纵来推动针对人文交流的安全化行为,从而强化了“言语—行为”之间的联结机制。因此中国的人文交流要在拓展空间、凝聚共识、优化路径、系统支撑和话语塑造等方面进行系统性应对。

People-to-people exchange is an important pillar of China’s foreign affairs. However, China’s people-to-people exchange has started to face more and more challenges since 2018, in which securitization become a most prominent issue. U.S. uses security-related discourses and incites the possible security shocks from China’s overseas people-to-people exchange, which tries to construct China’s people-to-people exchange as one kind of “existential threat”. In the theoretical lens, driven by the logic of securitization, China’s people-to-people exchange confronts some problems such as signal competition, spillover disfunction and limited stickiness in promoting bilateral and multilateral relations. It has been finally constructed to be a securitization system including framing structure, power relation, agents and audiences. In particular, there is a securitization system in U.S. domestic politics against China’s people-to-people exchange. On the one hand, the agents are constructing a series of discourse on security by applying the speeches such as soft power, sharp power and influence activities;on the other hand, they implement some significant securitization activities by steering laws and bills, administrative orders and public opinions. All the above measures finally intensified the securitization mechanism of “Speech-Act”. In view of this, China’s people-to-people exchange should respond to the challenges in a systematic manner via extending new spaces, constructing new consensus, building new approaches, strengthening new systems and creating new discourses, etc.