高质量发展视域下中国企业绿色创新效率及其技术差距

Green innovation efficiency and technology gap of Chinese enterprises in the perspective of high quality development

探索中国不同质量发展地区企业绿色创新效率差异及损失来源,有利于提高绿色创新水平以促进工业企业高质量发展。传统研究忽略了不同质量发展地区企业之间的技术差距,使得绿色创新效率评价标准单一且结果失准,无法确定效率损失的真实原因。本文基于高质量发展视域下绿色创新共同前沿理论,将中国工业企业分为高质量、中质量和低质量发展企业三个群组,构建包含非期望产出的共同前沿-SBM-DEA模型测算分析2008~2017年中国企业两阶段绿色创新效率,分析三大群组之间的技术差距及其变化趋势;将创新无效率值分解为技术差距无效(TGRI)和管理无效(MI),寻找不同质量发展企业创新效率损失的主要来源;最后,从群组创新环境和企业内部管理两方面分析和检验了影响TGRI和MI的关键因素。研究结果表明:(1)共同前沿下中国企业绿色研发和成果转化效率均值分别为0.209和0.519,高质量发展企业两阶段效率明显高于中低质量发展企业,共同前沿下效率值均不超过群组前沿下效率值。(2)三类企业TGR值差异明显,高-低质量发展企业间两阶段技术差距分别为0.516和0.245。高质量发展企业两阶段效率损失主要源于企业管理不当,中低质量发展企业则因技术水平落后和管理无效均造成一定效率损失,2017年低质量发展企业绿色研发TGRI占比高达56.1%。(3)政府环保支出、外资开放有助于缓解绿色研发TGRI,而收缴排污费、政府科技支持有利于降低成果转化TGRI,经济发展水平则对两阶段TGRI下降均具有积极影响。国有控股有利于降低绿色研发MI,而消化吸收能力对缓解成果转化MI具有积极影响,创新氛围则有利于减少两阶段MI。

Exploring the disparities of green innovation efficiency and sources of efficiency losses in different quality development enterprises in China helps to improve green innovation level and promote high-quality industrial development.Traditional researches neglected the technology gap between enterprises in different quality development regions,making the evaluation criteria for green innovation efficiency inadequate and inaccurate,and making identifying the source of efficiency losses difficult.Based on the metafrontier approach of green innovation in background of high-quality development,China’s industrial enterprises are divided into three groups of high-quality,medium-quality and low-quality development enterprises.A meta-frontier SBM-DEA model containing undesired outputs is then constructed and used to measure the two-stage green innovation efficiency of China’s different quality development enterprises in 2008-2017,and is used to analyze technology gaps and trends between the three groups.Based on the decomposition of innovation inefficiency value,the analysis of influencing factors,and construction of measurement model,we divide the innovation inefficiency values into technology gap inefficiency(TGRI)and management inefficiency(MI)in different quality development enterprises in China,and we also study the main cause and the changing trend of efficiency loss.Finally,the key factors affecting TGRI and MI are analyzed from the aspects of group innovation environment and internal management of enterprise.The results show that:(i)Under the meta-frontier,the average efficiency values of Chinese enterprises in green R&D stage and achievement transformation stage are respectively 0.209 and 0.519,relatively lower in green R&D stage.In both two stages,the efficiency values of high-quality development enterprises are significantly higher than those of medium-quality and low-quality enterprises.The efficiency values under the meta-frontier do not exceed those under the group frontier.(ii)The technology gap ratios of the three groups are different,and the average values of technology gap between high-quality and low-quality development enterprises in two stages are as high as 0.516 and 0.245 respectively.The efficiency loss of high-quality development enterprises in the two stages is mainly due to ineffective enterprise management,while outdated technology and ineffective management result in the efficiency loss in medium-quality and low-quality development enterprises.In 2017,TGRI of low-quality development enterprise accounted for 56.1%in green R&D stage.(iii)The government expenditure on environmental protection and the opening to foreign capital investment help to alleviate TGRI in the green R&D stage.Investment in environmental governance raises TGRI in the green R&D stage,while collection of sewage charge and the government technological support help to reduce TGRI in achievement transformation stage.The level of economic development has a positive impact on the decline of TGRI in both stages.State-owned holding helps to reduce MI in green R&D stage,but intensifies MI in achievement transformation stage.Digestive and absorptive capacities have positive effects on mitigating MI in achievement transformation stage,and innovative atmosphere is conducive to reducing the MI in two stages.Based on the meta-frontier approach of green innovation and empirical studies,this paper finds that technology heterogeneity has an important impact on the green innovation efficiency of different quality development enterprises in China,and there are significant differences in the sources of efficiency loss in different quality development enterprises,which reveals the specific links in enterprises efficiency loss and the keys in countermeasures.Starting from the two dimensions of group innovation environment and internal management of enterprise,this paper also explores the key influencing factors of green innovation efficiency loss and its working mechanism,which furthers the research on the impact mechanism of green innovation efficiency under the guidance of high-quality development.Finally,some suggestions are generated as follows:Following the perspective of high-quality development,green R&D and achievement transformation are to be developed.The R&D and application of cleaner production and end-of-line treatment technologies in enterprises are to be more assisted by government,especially in regions such as Jiangxi,Hebei,Inner Mongolia,Henan and Shanxi.Starting from narrowing the technology gap and improving the enterprise management system,we should improve the performance of enterprises’green innovation.By adopting a variety of regulatory tools such as administrative,market-oriented tools and public supervision,local governments need to accelerate the reform of the shareholding system of state-owned enterprises,maintain openness,and stimulate the green innovation vitality of enterprises.