环氧生物质油在合成润滑油基础油的研究进展

Research progress of epoxy bio-oil in synthetic lubricating base oil

衍生于植物油和动物脂肪的生物质油是生物润滑油的重要原料。与矿物油相比,生物质油具有低毒性、高生物降解性、高润滑性和良好的黏温性等优点,但其含双键和甘油酯基导致低温流动性和氧化稳定性差。因此,生物质油不宜直接作为润滑油基础油使用。生物质油经环氧化改性增加了氧化稳定性,加强了对金属表面的吸附,提高了润滑性。但是,单纯进行环氧化改性,也会导致油品的黏温性和低温流动性变差。因此,需要对环氧生物质油进一步开环改性。对比选择性氢化、异构化等改性方法,环氧化-开环方法反应条件温和,分子设计空间大。本文总结了由环氧植物油通过开环醚构化、酰化合成生物基础油的现状和发展趋势,重点阐述了环氧植物油及其衍生物环氧脂肪酸甲酯与有机醇、羧酸和酸酐合成润滑油的研究进展,分析了改性分子结构对润滑油性能的影响,讨论了合成生物润滑油研究中尚存的问题,并认为优化改性工艺、开发绿色高效的催化剂是未来的发展方向。

Biomass oil derived from vegetable oil and animal fat is an important raw material of biolubricating oil. Compared with mineral oil, biomass oil has the advantages of low toxicity, highbiodegradability, high lubricity and good viscosity-temperature, but it contains double bonds and glycerolgroups, which leads to poor fluidity at low temperature and poor oxidation stability. Therefore, biomass oilshould not be directly used as lubricating oil base oil. The modification of biomass oil by epoxidationincreases the oxidation stability, strengthens the adsorption on the metal surface, and improves thelubricity. However, the simple epoxidation will also lead to poor viscosity-temperature properties and lowtemperature fluidity of the oil. Therefore, it is necessary to further open-ring modification of epoxybiomass oil. Compared with selective hydrogenation, isomerization and other modification methods,epoxidation-ring opening method has mild reaction conditions and large space for molecular design. Inthis paper, the present situation and development trend of bio-base oils prepared from epoxy vegetable oilby ring-opening ether structuring and acylation were summarized. The research progress of syntheticlubricants made from epoxy vegetable oil and its derivatives, epoxy fatty acid methyl ester, organic alcohols, carboxylic acids and anhydride was emphasized. The influence of modified molecular structureon the properties of lubricating oils was analyzed. The existing problems in the research of syntheticbiological lubricants were discussed, and it was considered that optimizing the modification process anddeveloping green and efficient catalysts would be the future development direction.