实践:改变世界与改变自我的统一--中国近现代思想家的贡献

Practice:An Integration of Changing the World and Changing Yourself——The Contribution of Modern Chinese Thinkers

通常认为,实践具有一个内在的特征:人在改变世界的过程中改变自己(简称“两个改变”)。这个观点其来有自。在中国近现代思想史上,从康有为开始,历经梁启超、孙中山、章太炎、熊十力、贺麟、毛泽东、艾思奇以及张岱年等人,都对“两个改变”作出了一定程度的论述。康有为将“成己”与“成物”结合在一起讲,颇近于“两个改变”的意思。不过他对“改变”的理解没有达到感性实践的高度,且具有命定论的色彩。梁启超将“两个改变”的实践观表达得更加明确,其理论上所针对的就是康有为消极的命定论,但他又表现出某种非理性主义的倾向。孙中山认识到了人力可以胜天,章太炎的“竞争生智慧”详细地展示了“两个改变”的实践观,但由于其极端的唯我论哲学立场,包含着严重的内在困境。新文化运动之后,现代新儒家继续使用“成己”“成物”等传统的术语表达“两个改变”的思想。中国化的马克思主义如毛泽东、艾思奇等人对于“两个改变”的劳动实践观及其内在机制作出了更加完整、详尽的阐释。不过,在张岱年那里,他较多地从认识论辅助的角度来讨论“两个改变”的自由之可能问题,似乎忽略了“两个改变”得以成功的政治哲学的辅助。这即意味着,历史在要求重塑“两个改变”为内涵的实践观。

Practice has an inherent characteristic that people change themselves during the process of changing the world(“the two changes”for short).This point of view has its origin.In the history of modern China’s thoughts,starting from Kang Youwei,to Liang Qichao,Sun Yat-sen,Zhang Taiyan,Xiong Shili,He Lin,Mao Zedong,Ai Siqi,to Zhang Dainian,they all made a degree of exposition of“the two changes”.Chinese Marxism explained more completely and explicitly the labor practice view and its inner system of“the two changes”.Zhang Dainian discussed more the possibility of freedom in“the two changes”with the aid of epistemology.Yet he seemed to have neglected another aid of political philosophy,which meant that history required reshaping the practice view about“the two changes”.