启蒙哲学的双重属性与马克思的解放逻辑

On the Bi-attributes of Enlightenment Philosophy and Marx’s Liberation Logic

启蒙思想源发于上帝之死所留下的形而上学空场。这一空场带来了认知的超验确定性保障的缺失,并最终为启蒙所弘扬的人之理性所填补。被启蒙精神所弘扬的理性是一种不断批判和建构的力量,它蕴含着动态的实践性诉求,由此构成了启蒙的第一重属性。然而,启蒙对超验性的批判却同时带来超验的思辨神学的建构,动态的理性在后康德时代的德国古典哲学中走向了启蒙的自我悖论。因此,重建丰富的启蒙精神,或可回到康德,在一种界限性思维之下保障启蒙理性的非超验性,但却在避免了悖论性的同时丧失了理性固有的动态性;或可回到福柯,启蒙理性在不断试验性越界的过程中保留了理性的动态性,并避免了自身走向超验神学的重构之路。马克思的哲学借助于其固有的"批判"路径实践着试验性越界的理性实践,并在对人之解放的可能性条件的现实考察中,避免了理性批判走向超验的思辨神学之路。在这一意义上说,马克思的哲学批判性地继承了启蒙思想。

The enlightenment philosophy originates from the end of metaphysics led by the death of God.The lack of transcendental certainty guarantee of cognition is finally filled by the human rationality promoted by the Enlightenment.Rationality promoted by spirit of the Enlightenment is a force of constant criticism and construction.It contains dynamic practical demands,which constitute the first attribute of the Enlightenment.However,the criticism of transcendentality by the Enlightenment also brings the construction of transcendental speculative theology.The dynamic rationality has moved towards a self-paradox of the Enlightenment in German classical philosophy in the post Kantian era.Therefore,to reconstruct the Enlightenment spirit,we may return to Kant and protect the non-transcendentality of the Enlightenment rationality under a kind of boundary thinking.At the same time,we avoid the paradox and lose the inherent dynamics of rationality;Or we can go back to Foucault,in which the Enlightenment rationality retains the dynamics of rationality in the process of experimentally crossing-the-boundary and avoids its own road towards the reconstruction of transcendental theology.With help of its inherent“critical”path,Marx’s philosophy practices the experimental cross-border rational practice and avoids the road of rational criticism to transcendental speculative theology in the realistic investigation of the possible conditions of his human liberation conception.In this sense,Marx's philosophy inherited the Enlightenment thought.