柏格森早期思想的康德批判及其生态美学意义

A Kantian critique of Bergson’s early thought and its eco-aesthetic meaning

法国生命哲学的代表人物,柏格森将广义的生命统一在进化过程中,以"绵延"为核心概念来支撑其生命哲学中的独特创造性进化观。柏格森的早期思想以批判康德"先验空间"为起点,在充分吸收法国和德国哲学传统的基础上进行创新,首先提出"绵延"(真实时间)概念以批判康德对"时间"和"空间"的错误理解,否定了康德先验感性论的哲学基础,从而为当代生态美学超越康德美学提供了新的哲学基础。其次,柏格森又在哲学意义上重新定义了"物象",从而弱化了康德式的主客二元对立,用"物象"的模糊性开辟了直接通往事物内部状态的途径,这使得我们有可能跳出以人类为中心的视角,将自然万物视为与人平等、共生的存在。第三,柏格森的知觉理论展示了活生生的物质和身体,将具有"绵延"特征的身体和心灵统一在他的"生命哲学"中,其身心关系论提供了一种身体美学视角,为我们深度解析生态美学核心问题提供了重要依据。从生态哲学角度来看,柏格森建立了一种生命共同体语境,也为我们更进一步研究法国生态美学提供了有力支撑。

The French philosopher Bergson is famous for his"philosophy of life",while his early ideas began with critiques of Kant’s"a priori space".Based on the French and German philosophical traditions,Bergson firstly proposes the concept of the"duration"(the real time)to criticize Kant’s misunderstanding of"time"and"space",and denied the philosophical foundation of Kant’s theory of transcendental aesthetic,thus providing a new philosophical foundation for contemporary ecological aesthetics to surpass Kant’s aesthetics.Secondly,Bergson redefines the term"image"in a philosophical sense,therefore weakening the Kantian subject-object dichotomy and opening a direct path to the internal state of things with the ambiguity of"image",which makes it possible to go beyond the anthropocentric perspective and to consider everything in nature as an equal,coexistent being with human beings.Thirdly,Bergson’s theory of perception reveals the living matter and body,unifying the body and mind,both could be recognized as the holder of"duration"in characteristic,in his"philosophy of life",and his theory of mind-body relationship provides a body aesthetic perspective which provides an important basis for us to analyze in-depth the core issues of ecological aesthetics.From the perspective of ecological philosophy,Bergson establishes a context of community of lives,which also provides a strong support for our further study of French eco-aesthetics.