eDNA技术在水生态学研究中的发展和应用

Development and Application of eDNA Technology in Water Ecology Research

随着分子生物学的快速发展,eDNA(environmental DNA)技术已成为一种新的监测手段,在国际上被广泛应用。eDNA是指生物体通过唾液、粪便、分泌物和皮肤脱落等释放到环境中的无细胞DNA,因此,eDNA的采集和检测具有环境友好、易于取样和灵敏度高等优点,可以提供实时的物种分布和群落多样性信息。本文从e DNA的发展历程、研究方法及其在水生态学中的应用(如监测入侵种和濒危物种,追踪物种生活史过程,推算种群的丰度和生物量,反映生态系统结构变化)等方面进行介绍,阐明eDNA技术在生态环境监测中的适用性和重要性,指出当前eDNA技术的优势与不足之处,并展望了eDNA在生态学和环境学领域的科研前景。

Due to the rapid development of molecular biology,eDNA(environmental DNA)technology has become a new monitoring method and is widely used in the world.eDNA refers to cell-free DNA released into the environment through saliva,feces,secretions and skin shedding,therefore,the collection and detection of eDNA has the advantages of environmental friendliness,easy sampling and high sensitivity,and can provide real-time information on species distribution and community diversity.In this paper,the development history,research methods and application of eDNA in water ecology(such as monitoring invasive species and endangered species,tracing the life history process of species,calculating the abundance and biomass of population,and reflecting the change of ecosystem structure)are introduced,and the applicability and importance of eDNA technology in ecological environment monitoring are expounded,and the advantages and disadvantages of current eDNA technology are pointed out,and the research prospect of eDNA in ecology and environmental science is prospected.