单域抗体在有害小分子检测领域的研究进展

Research progress of single domain antibody in toxic small molecules detection field

单域抗体(single-domain antibody,sdAb)是指由抗体或新抗原受体单一可变结构域构成的具有抗原结合活性的基因工程抗体。近年来,药物、毒素、污染物等小分子物质残留引发的食品安全、环境安全事件层出不穷,引发广泛的社会关注。单域抗体的研究为食品中的小分子有害化合物免疫分析开辟了一个崭新而有前景的领域。sdAb与传统的兔多克隆抗体、鼠单克隆抗体相比,具有分子量小、稳定性强、易表达、易体外进化等诸多优点。因此,国内外学者对sdAb在生物医学和靶标检测等领域的研究不断深入,其应用也逐渐增多。本文主要综述了小分子(分子量<1000 Da)靶标sdAb的结构特征、主要特性、识别机制以及抗体开发,分析了 sdAb在食品小分子有害化合物快速检测领域的应用潜力,以期为克服传统抗体改造困难、稳定性差等问题提供新的抗体制备策略和参考。

Single-domain antibody(sdAb) is a genetically engineered antibody that consists entirely of a single variable domain of antibody or immunoglobulin new antigen receptor.In recent years,food and environmental safety incidents caused by residues of small molecular substances such as drugs,toxins and contaminants have emerged in an endless stream,attracting widespread attention in the globalisation of society.The study of single domain antibody has exploited a new and promising field of immunoassay for small molecule harmful compounds in food.Compared with polyclonal antibody and monoclonal antibody,sdAb has the advantages of low molecular weight,strong stability,easy to express and evolution in vitro.Accordingly,numerous domestic and foreign scholars have been deepening researches on sdAb in the fields of biomedicine and target detection,and their applications are increasing gradually.This review summarized the structural features,main characteristics,binding modes and sdAb development of small molecules(molecular weight <1000 Da),and analyzed the application potential of sdAb in the field of rapid detection of food small moleceule harmful compounds,so as to provide a new antibody preparation strategy and reference for overcoming the shortcomings of traditional antibody modification difficulties and poor stability.