科学素养测评:近五年长沙中考化学试题与PISA之比较

The Assessment of Scientific Literacy:a Comparison Between Chemistry Questions of Changsha High School Entrance Examination in Recent Five Years and PISA

化学教育应培养学生适应未来生存和发展所必需的科学素养。基于该理念,从能力群、知识领域、情境领域和态度领域构建化学试题分析框架,比较与分析长沙中考化学试题与PISA科学素养测评的异同。研究发现:两类试题均注重能力考查,以内容性知识考查为主;两类试题对不同能力的考查比重略有不同,PISA更重视程序性和认识性知识的考核,其试题情境紧密联系个人生活及社会问题,关注学生的科学态度,长沙中考化学试题情境设计有待进一步丰富和多样化,对学生科学态度的考核也有待加强。为了更好地培养学生的科学素养,中考化学命题应强调学生分析解决实际问题的能力,加强高阶思维能力的考核;重视实验操作,加强对程序性知识和认识性知识的考查;在情境设置上多与实际生活相联系,并适当增加学生对科学和技术的兴趣及科学研究方法重视程度的考查。

Chemistry education needs to train students to have the necessary scientific literacy for the future survival and development.Based on this concept,the analysis framework of Chemistry questions is constructed from the ability group,knowledge field,context field and attitude field to compare and analyze the similarities and differences between the PISA scientific literacy test questions and Changsha high school entrance examination questions.The research found that:both types of test questions focus on ability testing,and mainly examine content knowledge;However,the proportions of the two types of test questions for different abilities are slightly different.PISA pays more attention to the assessment of procedural and epistemic knowledge.The context of PISA test questions is closely related to personal life and social issues,and focuses on the scientific attitude of students.The context of the Chemistry questions in Changsha high school entrance examination is relatively simple,and the assessment of students’scientific attitude needs to be strengthened.In order to better cultivate students’scientific literacy,the Chemistry proposition of high school entrance examination should strengthen the assessment of higherorder thinking ability through analyzing and solving practical problems,promote the examination of procedural and epistemic knowledge by increasing experimental operations;the setting of the situation is more related to real life;it is supposed to appropriately increase the examination of students’interest in science and technology and the degree of emphasis on scientific methods.