论无因管理中管理人遭受损害的救济

On the Relief of Damages Suffered by Managers in Uncaused Management

无因管理中管理人遭受损害的救济模式,解释论上存在着借助于必要费用统合自愿性支出费用和非自愿性遭受损害的一元模式,也有区分两者进行规制的二元模式。我国早期实证法不恰当地采用了杂糅模式,分别就一般无因管理和特殊无因管理进行构造,针对管理人遭受的损害,前者适用损害赔偿原理,后者则架构在公平责任之上,反而带来了价值上的错位。《民法典》为了调和前述矛盾,统一了一般无因管理和特殊无因管理,却不恰当地采用了二元模式,将遭受损害的救济架构在公平责任之上。虽然必要费用和损害赔偿不具有同一性,但是只要与执行事务高度相关的合理利益减少,实证法都需要对此予以救济。就损害赔偿额较高时的控制,应当采用内外部协作的方法,借助于事务固有风险和损害额酌减制度来完善。对于紧急救助行为之下救助人所遭受损害的救济,可以放宽赔偿标准,引入公平责任予以完善。

Regarding the relief of damages suffered by managers in voluntary service,regulatory documents are constantly changing,and judicial practice is also difficult to deal with it in a unified manner.Possible paths of interpretation including a unitary model that integrates voluntary expenditures and involuntary damages with the help of necessary expenses,and a dual model that distinguishes between the two and regulates them.In our country,the early empirical law inappropriately adopted a hybrid model,which was structured separately for general voluntary service and special one.For the damage suffered by managers,the former applies the principle of damage compensation,while the latter is based on fair liability.Such an approach brings a dislocation in value.In order to reconcile the aforementioned contradictions,the Civil Code unifies the general voluntary service and the special one,but inappropriately adopts the dual model,and structure the relief of damages on the basis of fair liability.Although the necessary expenses and damages are not the same,as long as the reasonable benefits that are highly related to the execution of the affairs are reduced,the law needs to provide relief.As for the control of the high amount of compensation,the internal and external collaboration should be adopted,and the inherent risks of the affairs and the system of reducing the amount of damage should be used to improve it.For the relief of the damage suffered by the rescuer under the emergency rescue act,the compensation standard can be relaxed and fair liability can be introduced to improve it.