新疆尾闾湖泊生态环境保护与修复措施的实践和探讨

Practice and discussion of ecological and environmental protection and restoration measures in the terminal lakes of Xinjiang

在气候变化和人类活动双重作用下,新疆天然尾闾湖泊急剧萎缩,湖泊生态系统服务功能大幅度降低乃至丧失。本文梳理了新疆尾闾湖泊存在的问题,主要表现为:湖泊数量和面积显著减少,蓄水能力下降;湖泊水质普遍下降,矿化度总体上升;湖泊生态系统退化,生物多样性下降。在分析问题的基础上,本研究提出了尾闾湖泊修复的指导思想:统筹流域山水林田湖草沙冰,综合治理,因湖制宜,重点引领,分步实施;提出了恢复有“度”、修复有“量”,生活水宽,工业水紧,生态水保,农业水节等策略;针对典型湖泊生态修复工作总结出了调整产业结构、降低农业用水比例,流域内外生态补水,水资源优化配置,土地沙化防护,湖泊生态环境保护带建设,水质污染防治,河道治理,生物多样性保护等多项生态修复措施。本文可为开展干旱区尾闾湖泊的生态修复,加强流域环境管理,制定水资源保护及水质管理规划,制定生态保护策略及保护目标提供决策依据和实践指导。

Under the dual effects of climate change and human activities,the natural terminal lakes in Xinjiang are shrinking rapidly,and the ecosystem service functions of the lakes are greatly reduced or even lost.This paper summarizes the problems of the terminal lakes in Xinjiang,which are as follows:the number and area of the lakes decrease significantly,and the water storage capacity decreases;the water quality of the lake generally decreased and the salinity increased;lake ecosystem degraded and biodiversity declined.Based on the analysis of the problems,the guiding ideas for the restoration of the terminal lakes are put forward:to make overall planning for the comprehensive management of the mountains,rivers,forests,fields,lakes,grass,sand and ice in the basin;in the process of lake restoration,emphasis should be deepened and measures should be implemented step by step according to the actual situation of each lake.Some strategies are put forward,such as the“degree”of recovery,“quantity”of restoration,domestic water rich,industrial water tight,ecological water conservation,and agricultural water saving.A number of ecological restoration measures are summarized based on the practice,such as adjusting industrial structure,reducing the proportion of agricultural water consumption,ecological water diversion in and out of the basin,optimal allocating water resources,land desertification control,construction of lake ecological environment protection zone,water pollution prevention and control,river regulation,and biodiversity conservation.This paper provides scientific basis and guidance for ecological restoration of the terminal lakes in arid areas,strengthening the watershed environmental management,formulating water resources protection and water quality management plans,and formulating ecological protection strategies and objectives.