精神分析与哲学——基于无意识的两个定义及主体性范畴

Psychoanalysis and Philosophy:Two Definitions of the Unconscious and the Category of Subjectivity

精神分析作为20世纪主要思潮之一,自诞生起就直接切入了思想史及哲学史。其基于临床所开启的认识论、伦理学及存在论辞说,极大地影响并促进了现代思想的进程。从弗洛伊德给无意识下的两个哲学式定义——“无意识没有时间,无意识没有矛盾”——出发,可大概管窥其在这方面的一些影响与贡献。而从哲学史的角度来说,精神分析虽说借助“意识之二裂”等概念质疑了古典哲学的某些观念,但在后者的核心层面即主体论层面上,却更多是继承、弘扬并以自己的独特方式发展了自笛卡尔以来的主体论,当然也就此而同时碰到了其所内在的某些困难,其典型是交互主体性观念。拉康为解决这些困难,亦为摆脱无意识身上的神秘主义与心理主义等倾向,借助结构主义语言学的进展,在语言结构而非意识结构的框架下重新定义了无意识,即“无意识是大彼者的辞说”,并由此开启了新一轮的“结构—主体”论题。

As one of the major trends in the humanities in the 20th century,psychoanalysis has been embedded in the modern idea history and philosophical discourses at the very start.At the same time,its own epistemological,ethical and existential discourses—based on and developed from the clinical praxis—has also greatly influenced and promoted the evolution of modern philosophy.The influence and contribution of these discourses can be analyzed based on Sigmund Freud’s two philosophy oriented definitions on the unconscious,namely:there is no time in the unconscious;the unconscious contains no contradiction.From the perspective of philosophical history,although psychoanalysis has questioned certain propositions of classical philosophy in light of“dichotomy of consciousness”,at its core level,namely the level of subjectivism,it inherited and developed the subjectivism since Descartes in its own way.Psychoanalysis has also encountered certain difficulties inherent in this tradition,typically the problem of interactive subjectivity.In order to resolve these difficulties and overcome the mysticism and psychologism which had tangled the unconscious concept,Jacques Lacan redefined the concept of the unconscious under the framework of linguistic structure instead of the structure of consciousness based on the development of structural linguistics.Lacan’s definition that“the unconscious is the discourse of the Big Other”initiated a new round of“Structure-Subject”discussion.