马克思二重性视阈下货币本质观的批判与构建

Critique and Reconstruction of the Concept of Monetary Essence from the Perspective of Marx's Duality Thought

西方经济学的两种货币本质观都存在问题,难以解释货币现象和经济现实,马克思对二者都进行过批判,他的“二重性”分析方法为客观认知两种货币本质观并全面准确地理解货币的多维度内涵提供了思想武器。马克思的二重性思想认为,货币本质上具有社会属性和自然属性两种性质,是固定充当一般等价物的商品。基于历史与逻辑相统一的方法,马克思提倡从抽象上升到具体的分析思路,货币社会形式的历史演变为马克思的货币分析提供了历史基础。马克思的二重性方法也适用于货币职能的分析,一般等价物可延伸出价值尺度和交易媒介两种基本职能,二者又可进行二重性解读,基于货币职能交叠可以得到货币理论的构建思路。

There exist problems in the two co ncepts of monetary nature in western economics,which can hardly explain the monetary phenomenon and economic reality. Marx once criticized the both in his works. His duality analytical method provides an ideological weapon for objectively recognizing the two concepts of the nature of money and comprehensively understanding the multi-dimensional connotation of money. Marx’s duality thought holds that money essentially has two properties:social attribute and natural attribute, which is a commodity that acts as a general equivalent. Based on the method of the unity of history and logic, Marx advocated the idea of rising from abstraction to concrete analysis. The historical evolution of the social form of money provides a historical basis for Marx’s monetary analysis. Marx’s duality method is also applicable to the analysis of monetary functions. The general equivalent can extend two basic functions: value scale and transaction media,both can be interpreted in duality. Based on the overlapping of monetary functions, the construction idea of monetary theory can be obtained.