从调和、弥合到分裂、冲击——经学与科举激荡下的清朝端溪书院

From Reconciliation and Mediation to Separation and Shock--Duanxi Academy in the Qing Dynasty under the Agitation of Confucian Classics and the Imperial Examination

地处广东省肇庆市的端溪书院是清代岭南最富盛名的书院,作为经学传承基地始终与科举若即若离,汉学宋学也几经沉浮。康熙时期,端溪书院复建只好名以天章而避免诛心论取嫌于专制皇权。端溪书院的考课虽然按照正式科举考试程序设置,但乾隆时崛起的汉学冲击了科举考试的内容。全祖望在端溪书院任院长期间极力调和汉学宋学,赵敬襄、梁鼎芬态度出现左右摇摆,朱一新则延续了全祖望传统,重新努力调和汉宋,何梦瑶、冯敏昌继续巩固这一成果。阮元虽然推行过汉宋融合,但其幕府中却爆发了汉宋之争,汉学实际受到支持。延续朱一新经世致用的是晚清大儒陈澧及其东塾学派。

Duanxi Academy,located in Zhaoqing,Guangdong Province,is the most famous academy in Lingnan in the Qing Dynasty.As a heritage base of Confucian classics,it has always been inseparable but detached from the imperial examination,and Sinology and Song learning have experienced ups and downs several times.During the Kangxi period,when Duanxi Academy was rebuilt,it had to be renamed Tianzhang to avoid the name of the emperor.Although Duanxi Academy's examination courses were set up according to the formal imperial examination procedure,the rising the Han school of classical philology in Qianlong period impacted the content of the imperial examination.During his long tenure in Duanxi Academy,Quan Zhuwang tried to reconcile the Han school of classical philology with Song Dynasty.Zhao Jingxiang and Liang Dingfen wavered in their attitudes.Zhu Yixin continued the tradition of Quan Zhuwang and reconciled the Han and Song Dynasties.He Mengyao and Feng Minchang continued to consolidate this achievement.Although Ruan Yuan carried out the integration of Han and Song dynasties,the controversy between Han and Song dynasties broke out in his shogunate,and the Han school of classical philology was actually supported.It was Chen Li,a great scholar in the late Qing Dynasty,and his school of Dongxue that continued Zhu Yixin's practice.