不同气候类型下陕西中蜂的形态分化研究

Morphological differentiation of Apis cerena cerena under different climate types in Shaanxi Province

【目的】研究陕西省中华蜜蜂(Apis cerena cerena)的形态多样性以及形态指标与环境因素的关系,为中华蜜蜂种质资源保护提供参考。【方法】采集陕西省8个气候类型地区81个种群中华蜜蜂,利用传统形态学方法,测定第三与第四背板长之和(T3+T4)、吻长(Pro)、右前翅长(FL)、右前翅宽(FB)、右前翅面积(AW)、肘脉指数(Ci)6项形态指标,利用SPSS 23.0软件计算各气候类型下中华蜜蜂6项形态指标的均值和标准差,利用判别分析、系统聚类分析样本的形态多样性,并分析6项形态指标与9项环境因素(2个地理因素经度、纬度和7个气候因素年平均气温、年极端最高气温、年极端最低气温、年日最高气温≥35.0℃平均日数、年平均降水量、年平均风速、年均相对湿度)的相关性。【结果】延川中蜂样本的T3+T4、FL、FB和AW皆最大;石泉中蜂样本的T3+T4和FL平均值均最小;黄龙中蜂样本的FB和AW平均值皆最小;佛坪中蜂样本的Pro和Ci皆最大;陇县中蜂样本的Pro和Ci皆最小。判别分析、系统聚类分析显示,8个气候类型地区的中华蜜蜂可分为4个类群:陇县、凤县和千阳为一支,佛坪、黄龙、黄陵和周至聚为一支,延川和石泉均单独聚为一支。形态指标与环境因素的相关性分析显示,T3+T4与纬度呈正相关,与年平均气温、年极端最低气温、年均相对湿度呈负相关;Pro与年平均降水量、年平均风速呈正相关;FL和AW均与年平均降水量、年平均风速呈负相关;FB与年极端最高气温、年日最高气温≥35.0℃平均日数呈正相关,与年平均风速呈负相关;上述指标相关性均达显著水平。【结论】气候因素与陕西中华蜜蜂的特定形态指标的表型可塑性存在着密切的关联。

【Objective】Study the morphological diversity of Apis cerena cerena in Shaanxi Province,and analyze the relationship between morphological diversity and environment factors,to provide references for the protection of Apis cerena cerena germplasm resources.【Method】Collected 81 populations of Apis cerena cerena in 8 climate types from Shaanxi Province,measured the third and fourth tergum length(T3+T4),proboscis length(Pro),right wing length(FL),right wing width(FB),right wing area(AW),cubital vein index(Ci)using traditional morphological methods,and calculated the mean and standard deviation of the 6 morphological indicators of Apis cerena cerena under each climate type by SPSS 23.0 software.Use discriminant analysis and systematic clustering to study the morphological diversity of samples,and further analyze correlation between specific indicators and nine environmental factors.These nine environmental factors are 2 geographical factors(longitude,latitude)and 7 climate factors(annual average temperature,annual extreme maximum temperature,annual extreme minimum temperature,annual maximum temperature≥35.0℃average number of days,average annual precipitation volume,annual average wind speed and annual average relative humidity).【Result】The results showed that the body size related indexes(T3+T4,FL,FB,AW)of the bee samples in Yanchuan were the largest;The average values of T3+T4 and FL of the bee samples in Shiquan were the smallest;The average values of FB and AW of the bee samples in Huanglong were both the smallest;The average values of Pro and Ci of the bee samples in Foping were the largest;The average values of Pro and Ci of the bee samples in Longxian were the smallest.Discriminant and systematic clustering showed that the Apis cerena cerena in 8 climate types can be divided into 4 groups:Longxian,Fengxian and Qianyang were clustered into one group;Foping,Huanglong,Huangling and Zhouzhi were clustered into one group;Yanchuan and Shiquan were singly divided into different groups.Correlation analysis of morphological indicators and environment factors showed,T3+T4 was positively correlated with latitude,and negatively correlated with annual average temperature,annual extreme minimum temperature,and annual average relative humidity;Pro was positively correlated with average annual precipitation and average annual wind speed;Both FL and AW were negatively correlated with average annual precipitation and annual average wind speed;FB was positively correlated with the annual extreme maximum temperature and the annual maximum temperature≥35.0℃average number of days,and negatively correlated with the annual average wind speed,the correlation of the above indicators had reached a significant level.【Conclusion】Climate factors are closely related to the phenotypic plasticity of specific morphological indicators of Apis cerena cerena in Shaanxi.