身份认同与塞浦路斯民族问题的由来和现状——从族属差异到族群民族主义的冲突

Identities and Ethnic Disputes in Cyprus——from Ethnic Division to Conflicting Ethno-Nationalisms

1882年开始,英国殖民当局在塞浦路斯实施"现代化"(西化)改造,没有顾及塞浦路斯的社会特点与传统,使得原本自然存在的宗教社群差异被改造为族属差异,并将其政治化,身份认同发生扭曲和变异,成为宗教—族群对立的基础。狭隘的族群民族主义阻碍了正在缓慢形成中的塞浦路斯民族共同体的演进过程。英国的殖民政策是塞浦路斯族群对立的成因,此后的历史只不过是这种对立状况的制度化过程。1960年塞浦路斯的独立宪法对这种从个人到族群的对立进行了制度化确认,形成了双元主权结构的政制框架,其实质是族群权利高于国家权力,其后果是不可避免的冲突与分裂。这是英国治理模式移植的失败,也是塞浦路斯国家—民族建构的失败。从1974年战争到2004年安南统一方案的失败,南北双方部分人士开始构建"塞浦路斯主义",致力于为塞浦路斯各族确立共同的历史文化语言基础,以冲破政治隔阂的藩篱。

Beginning from 1882,the British colonial regime in Cyprus initiated a series of modernization(Westernization)reforms in line with British political ideas and framework regardless of the social reality in Cyprus and Cypriots’traditions.As a result,the long-lived differences of religious communities were transformed into ethnic differences.Following the politicalization of ethnic differences,national identification was distorted,hence leading to ethnic conflicts between the Turkish community and the Greek community.Narrow ethno-nationalisms halted the progressing evolution of a Cypriots’state-nation community.So to speak,the British colonial policy was the cause of ethnic disputes in Cyprus,as the colonial history of Cyprus witnessed the institutionalization of such an ethnic division.The 1960 Constitution for the Independent Republic of Cyprus,with a bi-sovereignty political structure,was actually a legislative confirmation of such an ethnic division,which put ethnic rights above national power,inevitably furthering ethnic conflicts and division.The ethnic disputes in Cyprus represent the failure of both British colonial governance and Cypriots’state-nation building.After the war of 1974 and the failure of Annan Plan in 2004,some Cypriots,from both northern and southern Cyprus,started to promote Cypriotism,trying to lay down a common ground based on history,culture and language for both ethnic groups in order to put an end to the political division.