日本校园欺凌治理模式的历史变迁研究

A Study on the Changing of School Bullying Prevention and Intervention Models in Japan

日本对于校园欺凌问题已有30余年的研究和治理经验,日本校园欺凌治理方案和模式的建立也非一蹴而就,而是一个不断探索、积累、发展的过程。基于从历史视角出发,对20世纪80年代以来日本校园欺凌的行为特征、官方对于欺凌原因的认识以及防治对策进行整理,即80年代的“越轨矫正型”、90年代的“心理援助型”和2000年以来的“风险预防型”三种治理模式,并对各时期对策的效果进行评价。20世纪80年代以来,日本校园欺凌模式的变化呈现出从重视个人属性到重视环境因素,以及参与主体多元化、制度安排体系化的趋势。日本的经验提示我们,应重视环境中存在的导致校园欺凌发生的风险因素,尽早建立多主体相协同的校园欺凌防治体系,同时应注意制定宽严适中、符合常识、易于操作的欺凌定义。

School bullying has become a concern for over 30 years in Japan.Japanese Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT)has carried out several school bullying prevention and intervention programs since the 1980s.This paper analyzes the backgrounds,characters,advantages and shortcomings of school bullying prevention and intervention programs carried out by MEXT in these three decades,and comes up with three models of school bullying prevention and intervention programs which could be characterized as"manners-guidance models","mind-assistance models","risk-prevention model".The changing of MEXT school bullying prevention and intervention programs has shown two trends:more attention is paid to social environmental factors rather than bully/victim's personal factors;the subjects participating in the prevention and intervention programs became more multiple and systematically-cooperated.Based on the experience of Japan,it is suggested to pay more attention to the social environmental risks that may lead to the occurrence of school bullying,establish a multi-subject and coordinated school bullying prevention and control system as soon as possible,and formulate an easy-to-use and generally acceptable definition of bullying.