我国农村妇女地权的百年变迁

The Changes of Rural Women's Land Rights in the Past Hundred Years of China

对近百年中国妇女地权(这里所说的地权不仅有耕地权,还有宅基地权)的历史变迁进行探讨,可将其百年史分为三个阶段:第一个阶段是土地革命时期妇女地权(仅限于耕地权)的提出与推进,中国共产党是妇女地权的倡导者与组织者,农村根据地与解放区是妇女地权的实践场域。第二个阶段是集体经济建立时期,随着人地分离,妇女耕地权议题告一段落,转向男女劳动的同工同酬。宅基地分配成为集体经济分配的内容之一,采取社员讨论表决的方式,导致男娶女嫁的乡村组织结构固化,为后来剥夺妇女地权埋下了隐患。第三个阶段是改革开放土地承包时期,随着土地回归家庭承包使用,资源分配权交由村民多数决定,农村妇女与传统性别力量的博弈与冲突持续不断,成为近四十年乡村社会的尖锐矛盾。为了打开这一死结,性别研究专家、基层民众以及地方官员进行了富有成效的探索。

This article discusses the historical changes of Chinese women's land rights in the past 100 years.The land rights mentioned here include not only farmland rights but also homestead rights.The 100-year history is divided into three stages.The first stage is the proposal and promotion of women's land rights(limited to farmland rights)during the Agrarian Revolution.The second stage is the period when the collective economy is established.With the separation of farmer and land,the issue of women's rights to farmland comes to an end and shifts to equal pay for men and women for equal work.The way members discuss and vote has led to the consolidation of the rural organizational structure of men and women,and laid hidden dangers for the subsequent deprivation of women's land rights.The third stage is the period of reform and opening up of land contracting.The game and conflict between rural women and traditional gender forces continue to be acute in rural society in the past 40 years.In order to untie this knot,gender experts,grassroots and local officials have conducted fruitful explorations.