两面针的本草考证

Herbalogical study on Liangmianzhen(Zanthoxyli Radix)

两面针入药历史悠久,古今药用部位存在差异,《中国药典》仅用根,本草记载的药用部位还包含茎、叶、果实等。为寻找两面针茎与根可同等入药的历史依据,该文对两面针历代本草与地方志记载的正名与异名、品种、药用部位、生境、产地、加工及制法、功效与主治进行考证。结果表明,两面针入药始载于《神农本草经》,以“蔓椒”为正名,其后本草延续此名;至清代,正名更改为“入地金牛”,来自岭南地区的民间称谓;现代以“两面针”为正名,该名称最早出现在1914年广西《武宣县志》,正式列入本草始于1963年《增订岭南采药录》。根据历代本草记载的名称和植株描述,两面针具有幼时灌木、成年藤本、伞房状圆锥花序、茎有刺、根金黄色、根横生且有牛角状分支、叶两面有刺等特点,故而古代的蔓椒、清代与近代的入地金牛、现代的两面针为同一品种,即芸香科植物两面针Zanthoxylum nitidum。生境、产地、制法、功效与主治等也从侧面证实了这一结果。历代本草记载两面针以茎、根为主要药用部位,也有用叶、果实者,今《中国药典》仅收载根明显与之不符。在两面针药用资源紧缺的状况下,仅用根造成了极大的浪费。该文考证结果有助于厘清两面针古今药用部位的实际情况,由此建议下一版《中国药典》将两面针的药用部位由根修订为根和茎。

Liangmianzhen(Zanthoxyli Radix)has long been used as medicine.The current medicinal parts are different from those in the ancient.As recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopeia,the medicinal part is root.However,in ancient works,the medicinal parts include root,stem,leaf,and fruit.In an attempt to find the historical basis that stem is a reasonable medicinal part,the herbalogical study was carried out on this medicinal based on the formal names,synonyms,original plant,medicinal parts,habitat of the medicinal plant,producing area,processing and preparation methods,efficacy,and indications recorded in ancient Chinese materia medica and local gazetteers.The results showed that Liangmianzhen was firstly recorded as a medicinal in Shennong′s Classic of Materia Medica with the formal name of"Manjiao"."Manjiao"was adopted from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty when it was changed to"Rudijinniu",the name originating from the folk in the south of the Five Ridges.Now,the formal name is"Liangmianzhen",which was firstly recorded in Wuxuan County Gazetteer in 1914 and then as a synonym in the Updated Records of Picking Herbs in the South of the Five Ridges.According to the formal names,synonyms,and the descriptions of the original plant,the medicinal plants of Liang-mianzhen have the characteristics of shrub-like young seedlings,vine adult seedlings,corymbiform thyrsus,stems with thorns,amphitropous golden-yellow roots with horn-like branches,and thorns on both sides of the leaves.Thus,"Manjiao","Rudijinniu",and"Liangmianzhen"were from the same species of Zanthoxylum nitidum(Rutaceae),which was also verified based on the growth environment,habitat,processing and preparation methods,efficacy,and indications.In ancient times,the stem and root were the main medicinal parts and leaves and fruits were also used.However,in the Chinese Pharmacopeia,root is recorded as the only medicinal part,which is obviously inconsistent with the records in the ancient classics.In light of the limited medicinal resources for Liangmianzhen,other medicinal parts of Z.nitidum is recommended.This study clarified the medicinal parts of Z.nitidum in history.It is recommended that the stem be added to the medicinal parts of Z.nitidum in the next edition of Chinese Pharmacopeia.