19世纪中叶以来俄罗斯北方海航道开发历史研究述评

A Study on Russian Historical Studies on the Northern Sea Route Exploitation Since the Mid-1800s

俄罗斯的北方海航道开发历史研究始于19世纪中叶。在长期发展中,俄罗斯学术界对"航道开发的起源、历史分期与连续性""苏联模式的评价"等问题作出了较为经典的阐释和回答,形成了一定共识,并获得了中西方学界的关注。同时,自20世纪中期起,俄罗斯学界还对"航道的法律地位"问题展开了系列研究,也与西方学术界产生了争论。现有研究对探讨"俄罗斯北方海航道管辖权的法理基础""俄罗斯地缘战略的演变""俄罗斯海洋文明史"等历史和现实问题具有重要影响,然而也存在着概念混淆、缺乏对开发模式的宏观思考、缺乏对一手档案的深入解读等问题。当前,在美俄两国北极海域摩擦频现、中俄两国积极推动北方海航道合作的背景下,我国有必要借鉴俄罗斯北方海航道开发的历史经验,推动北方海航道"资源-港口—航道"一体化共生模式的构建。与此同时,北极航道的国际法律地位、北方海航道开发进程的驱动因素、北方海航道开发历史与人类海洋开发历史进程的互动等议题,可成为学界的重点关注方向。

The studies on Northern Sea Route exploitation and legal status of NSR conducted by the Russian historians started from the mid-1800 s. During its long-term development,the Russian scholars have reached a consensus on such issues as "the origin,historical stages and continuity of the NSR exploitation","the evaluation of the Soviet model"and "the legal status of the NSR",which also led to controversy with Chinese and Western scholars. The existing researches play an important role in further study on the historical and realistic issues such as the legal basis of the jurisdiction over the NSR,the evolution of Russian geo-strategy,and the history of Russian marine civilization. However,there are also some problems in those researches,such as confusion of concepts,lack of both macro-thinking on the development model of the NSR and in-depth interpretation of the first-hand archives. At present,when the United States and Russia are frequently facing disputes in Arctic navigation as well as China and Russia are actively promoting the co-construction of the NSR,it is necessary for China to learn from the experience of Russian exploitation of the NSR and promote the construction of its"Resource-Seaport-Route"integrated symbiosis model. And also,Chinese scholars can focus their attention on research orientations such as the legal status of Arctic routes,the driving factors in the evolution of the NSR exploitation,the interaction between history of the NSR exploitation and the historical process of the ocean exploitation etc.