夏热冬冷地区居住建筑夏季人员开窗行为实测与建模研究

Measurement and Modelling of Occupants’Window Opening Behavior in Residential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Regions in Summer

开关窗是建筑使用者控制室内热环境和改善室内空气品质最直接且简单的手段,同时对建筑节能也有重要影响,因此对人员开关窗行为的定量化描述是非常必要的。本研究通过对夏热冬冷地区——自贡市7户住宅夏季人员开窗行为的实际监测,得到以下结论:发现实测样本中存在三种明显差异的典型开窗行为,分别是习惯性开窗型、高强度开窗型和习惯性关窗型;对非环境因素分析得出,一天中不同时段以及家庭成员吸烟与否对开窗概率影响显著,而是否为工作日以及住户所在楼层对开窗概率无明显影响;对于环境因素而言,当室外温度超过32℃,开窗概率开始降低,空调开启比例升高;室外温度超过37℃,空调开启比例达到100%,但开窗比例仍有11.1%;建立了基于二元逻辑回归的夏季高强度开窗行为预测模型,模型的预测准确率达到了86%,而室外温度是该模型最为重要的预测因子。本文的研究成果可以用于细化能耗模拟软件及室内空气品质评价软件对该类型住宅建筑开窗行为特征的描述,对住宅建筑节能设计、运行、改造以及住宅室内空气品质和热舒适研究均有一定程度的参考意义。

Occupants’window opening behavior has a great impact on indoor air quality,human thermal comfort and building energy consumption by affecting the ventilation rate.Especially in the context of COVID-19,indoor air quality and ventilation are particularly important.Many studies have confirmed the importance of adequate ventilation in diluting virus concentration and reducing the dose of continuous inhalation of harmful substances.Therefore,it is very necessary to quantitatively describe the behavior of opening and closing windows.In order to improve the accuracy of energy consumption prediction model and indoor air quality evaluation model,the window opening behavior model should be established according to the characteristics of different seasons in different climate zones.At present,although the research on residential window opening behavior in China covers five major climate regions,the research cases are mainly concentrated in cold regions and severely cold regions,and there are few research cases on residential window opening behavior in hot summer and cold winter region.Whether these existing research cases can represent the vast region with hot summer and cold winter needs to be verified by more practical cases.In addition,most of the existing studies adopt the concept of"average occupants behavior"to extract the average characteristics of all test objects.However,the window-opening behavior is very complicated,and the prediction model established by"average occupants behavior"cannot predict the behavior with great difference in practice.In view of the above deficiencies,this paper conducted practical monitoring on seven households in Zigong City in hot summer and cold winter area.Firstly,the window opening behavior characteristics of each household were analyzed from the daily window opening probability and the frequency of opening and closing windows.According to the index of"daily window opening probability(R)",it is found that there are three typical window opening behaviors with obvious differences in the measured samples.They are habitual window opening type(R>95%),high-intensity window opening type(50%<R<=95%)and habitual window closing type(R<=5%).Secondly,the influence of non-environmental factors on window opening behavior was analyzed from four perspectives:different time of day,whether family members smoked,whether it was a working day and different residential floors.It is found that:1)The window opening action occurred most frequently from 7:00-8:00 in the morning,and the window closing action mainly occurred from 20:00-21:00 in the evening.2)The daily window opening probability of households with smoking habit is significantly higher than that of non-smoking households.3)There was no significant difference in window opening behavior between weekdays and weekends.4)High-rise residential buildings do not show a high window opening rate,while the window opening probability of the other three types of households is above 80%,and there is no significant difference with the increase of floor height.Therefore,in this study,the impact of residential floor on window opening behavior is not significant.Then,the relations between various environmental factors and high-intensity window opening behavior was explored from three aspects:indoor environment,outdoor environment and difference between indoor and outdoor environment.An interesting finding is obtained:when the outdoor temperature is 24~32℃,people tend to open windows for ventilation to ensure indoor thermal comfort.When the outdoor temperature exceeds 32℃,the window opening probability decreases and the air-conditioning opening ratio increases.When the outdoor temperature exceeds 37℃,the air-conditioning opening proportion reaches 100%,but the window opening proportion is still 11.1%.From the point of view of building energy conservation,opening windows when air conditioning is running will increase the heat load of the room,which is not conducive to energy conservation,but running air-conditioning for a long time will reduce indoor air quality,which is not conducive to human health.The balance between energy saving and air quality needs to be studied urgently.Finally,the prediction model of high intensity window opening behavior in summer is established based on binary logistic regression.The prediction accuracy of both training set and validation set model reached 86%,and outdoor temperature,indoor and outdoor PM_(2.5) concentration difference,indoor humidity were considered as the most important predictors of the model.The results of this paper could be used to refine the description of window opening behaviour characteristics of this type of residential buildings in both energy simulation software and indoor air quality evaluation software,and can also support design,operation and renovation of residential buildings for energy efficiency,indoor air quality and thermal comfort.