人事嬗递与行政实践:清末湖北提学使研究

Personnel Change and Administrative Practice:The Research of Late Qing Dynasty’s TiXueShi in Hubei Province

裁撤学政改设提学使,是清末地方教育官制改革的重要内容。聚焦湖北一省,提学使虽由学部奏请简放,但张之洞在世时对实授提学使的选任有重要影响;而暂署者均出自湖北道员,得到时任督臣的信任是其关键;加之提学使任职期间出现的“由学署藩”“由学升藩”“由道署学”现象,均反映出从学政到提学使转变的实质在于提学使成为督抚属官,署任与升转均比照按察使。对于提学使主政下的湖北教育,从立宪背景下承令学部的统一兴学、禀承总督创办存古学堂的湖北经验和学款支绌下因地制宜的勉力维持,可见提学使受学部与总督双重节制,湖北教育逐渐淡化张之洞督鄂时的地域特色而融入学部领导的统一兴学浪潮。

Abolishing Xuezheng and setting up TiXueShi were important parts of the official system reform about local education in late Qing Dynasty.In Hubei,TiXueShi was selected by the ministry of education,however,Zhang Zhidong had great effect on the selection of formal TiXueshi when he was alive.For acting TiXueShi,they were from Hubei Daoyuan and got the recognition and trust of the governor.More over,some TiXueShi acted as BuZhengShi or promoted to BuZhengShi,and some were acted by Daoyuan.These changes reflected the essence that TiXueShi became the subordinate of the governor.For Hubei education under the leadership of TiXueShi,they unified schools under Constitutional background,set up CunGu School to protect Chinese culture and tried their best to save money because of financial scarcity,which reflected dual control from the ministry of education and local governor.What’s more,the regional characteristics in the influence of Zhang Zhidong gradually faded and Hubei education integrated into unified education led by the ministry of education.