16世纪英格兰海洋渔业由盛转衰及原因分析——以大雅茅斯为例

Study of the Decline of English Marine Fisheries in the 16th Century:The Case of Great Yarmouth

15世纪,英格兰海洋渔业经历了爆发式的增长并成为这一时期整个英格兰经济发展的标志之一。海洋渔业之于此时的英格兰,不仅是重要的食物保障,更关系到英格兰近代早期海外商路开拓、商船规模、海军战备、对外政策等国家核心利益。但是到了16世纪,随着欧洲各国政治、经济和海洋实力的变化以及运输、捕鱼和腌制技术的革新,特别是以荷兰为代表的新兴渔业强国的兴起,英格兰传统海洋渔业面临极大的竞争压力。在这一时期,英格兰海洋渔业内部相继遭遇财政危机和食盐危机,外部则面临着掌握了新兴技术的荷兰强有力的竞争,最终造成渔业的全面落后和衰败。

In the 15^(th)century,marine fisheries had become one of the symbols of the English economic development,ranking first in production and sales in Europe.However,in the 16^(th)century,the industrial pattern of European fisheries began to face major changes and adjustments.At this time,England’s marine fisheries began to lag behind European competitors in terms of internal management,external environment and technological innovation,and eventually were overtaken by the Netherlands.Although Great Yarmouth had been a major fishing town in England since the Middle Ages,it was undoubtedly one of the first traditional fishing ports in England to face the challenges in this period.The purpose of this paper is to put forward the problems and difficulties that the whole marine fisheries in England faced as well as the transformation and adjustment in this period through the study of the falls of Great Yarmouth fisheries.