新中国早期的清华大学校园规划研究(1949—1966年)

Revisiting the Campus Design and Construction of Tsinghua University during the First Years of the People’s Republic

本文以新中国成立后至二十世纪六十年代清华大学先后经历的两小两大4次规划为研究对象,在综述既有研究的基础上,根据新史料综论其规划背景、设计机构、规划内容等,着重评述1954年和1960年两版总体规划的目标、原则、方法及其实施,其中1960年版总体规划堪称彼时清华乃至全国校园规划的集大成者。同时阐述历次规划间的差别与联系,论证苏联教育模式和规划思想对我国校园空间规划的深刻影响。二十世纪五、六十年代清华校园规划是毛泽东时代校园规划的集大成者,其发展经历了新中国成立初的短暂过渡、全面学苏和自辟蹊径三个阶段,通过校园规划在空间形态上体现了二十世纪五十年代教育体制的巨大变革,折射出那一时期新中国的国家建构过程。

Based on newly found materials, this paper examines four rounds of master plans of Tsinghua University, with emphases on the 1954 and 1960 schemes, including their planning objectives, principles,methods and implementation, as epitomized in the 1960 scheme. It explicates the relationships amongst the four schemes, contending for the far-reaching influence of the Soviet pattern in higher education and city planning on China. The planning history of Tsinghua University in the 1950 s and 1960 s underwent three historical and political phases, which reflects the state building process of Maoist China at the time: a short period of transition,complete adjustment to the Soviet pattern, and search for a socialist Chinese path.