“何如”与“如何”考辨

On the Differences and Similarities Between “hé rú” and “rú hé”

在古代汉语的学习中,人们常常以为"何如"和"如何"可以互换,其中,"何如"只是"如何"中疑问代词"何"宾语前置的结果,它们之间并没有什么大的区别。而事实并非如此。结合语料,本文从语义和它们在句中所担当的句法成分两方面入手,对"何如""如何"以及它们的类似结构"如……何""如之何"进行了详细分析后,认为:"何如"是一个疑问代词;而"如何"是经过以下路径后成为了一个表疑问的凝固形式,具体如下:"如何"(动宾结构)——"如……何"——"如之何"——"如何"。

During the process of learning ancient Chinese,many students and teachers often take"何如"as"如何",and they believe that the interrogative pronoun"何",as the object of the preposition"如",should come in front of"如",so they differ from each other in nothing.However,it’s often not the case.In combination of the materials,the author analyses"何如","如何","如……何"and"如之何"from the perspective of semantics and syntactic constituents in the sentences,and finally come to the conclusion:"何如"is an interrogative pronoun,and"如何"experiences the following process to become the combined interrogative form"如何"(v-o structure)——"如……何"——"如之何"——"如何".