乡镇企业“异军突起”的历史和机制分析

An Analysis of the History and Mechanism Behind the“Sudden Emergence”of the Township and Village Enterprises

20世纪80年代乡镇企业的异军突起,是考察中国经济增长和体制转轨的一个重要事件。究竟有哪些因素推动了乡镇企业出乎意料的高速发展?本文从历史和机制两个角度进行了探讨。概括地说,乡镇企业的兴起是农民对城乡二元体制的自我突围;财政分权体制下基层政府有扶持乡镇企业发展的强劲动力;长期短缺的经济和局部市场的形成以及国际市场的开拓为乡镇企业发展提供了广阔市场机会;计划体制的松动和双轨制的形成为乡镇企业从市场获取生产资料和融资提供了条件;充足而廉价的土地和劳动力是乡镇企业独有的两大资源优势;独特的经营机制和产权结构使乡镇企业在与国有企业竞争中处于优势。上述各种因素的耦合,包括计划经济时代留下的结构性因素和改革开放带来的新机遇,成就了乡镇企业异军突起的景观。

The emergence of township and village enterprises in the 1980s is an important event to investigate China’s economic growth and system transition.What factors promoted the unexpected and rapid development of township and village enterprises?This paper discusses this issue from the two perspectives of history and mechanism.In summary,township and village enterprises are the self-breakthrough to an urban-rural dual system;under the fiscal decentralization system,grass-roots governments had strong power to support the development of township and village enterprises;the long-term shortages in the economy,the formation of local markets,and the development of an international market provided broad market opportunities for the development of township and village enterprises;the loosening of the planned economy and the formation of the double track system supplied the advantages for township enterprises to obtain the production materials and financing from the market;abundant and cheap land and labor were the two unique resource advantages of township and village enterprises;the unique management mechanism and property-rights structure gave township and village enterprises a competitive advantage vis-à-vis the state-owned enterprises.The combination of the above factors,together with the structural factors left from the planned-economy era and the new opportunities brought about by the reform and opening up,led to the sudden emergence of the township and village enterprises in the 1980s.