中国湿巾代谢分析及环境影响评估

Material metabolism analysis and environmental impact assessment of wet wipes in China

为评估湿巾塑料消耗及污染现状,比较不同材质湿巾环境影响表现,开展了中国湿巾"生产—使用—废弃处置"全过程物质流分析,通过市场调研获知湿巾材质分布,开展全国消费者问卷调查获知废弃湿巾流向.对不同材质湿巾开展全生命周期环境影响评价,系统比较评估其环境影响.结果表明,"70%聚酯纤维+30%粘胶纤维"混合材质湿巾是中国最为常见的湿巾类型,2019年中国湿巾用塑量达41万t,经消费者使用丢弃后约有18.9%直接泄露进入自然环境.在焚烧、填埋处置方式中,全粘胶纤维湿巾全生命周期综合环境影响比全聚酯纤维湿巾低38%,前者水污染突出但资源消耗、毒性风险优势明显;在直接泄露方式中,全粘胶纤维湿巾可避免聚酯纤维泄露后崩解为微塑料纤维的环境风险.

In order to evaluate the current status of plastic consumption and pollution of wet wipes and compare the environmental impact performance of wet wipes of different materials,this study carried out the material flow analysis of China’s wet wipes from production to final disposal.The primary data of materials of wet wipes was gained through field research and the flow direction of waste wet wipes was found out by conducting a national consumer questionnaire.The study evaluated and compared the life cycle environmental impacts of different types of wet wipes.The results showed that"70%polyester fiber+30%viscose fiber"mixed wet wipe is the most common type of wet wipe in China.In 2019,the amount of plastic used in wet wipes in China reached 0.41 million tons,and about 18.9%of them leaked directly into the natural environment after being discarded by consumers.In the incineration and landfill scenario,the comprehensive environmental impacts of"100%viscose fiber"wet wipes throughout the life cycle were 38%lower than"100%polyester fiber"wet wipes.The former had prominent water pollution while had obvious advantages of resource consumption and toxicity risk.In the direct leakage scenario,"100%viscose fiber"wet wipes can avoid various risks caused by polyester fibers disintegrating into microplastic fibers.