不同机械化耕播模式对冬小麦幼苗质量和产量的影响

Effects of different mechanized tillage and sowing modes on the seedling quality and yield of winter wheat

该研究选用不同小麦耕播复式作业机械,并以传统耕播机械及人工撒播种植为对照,进行不同机械化耕播模式对小麦幼苗生长和产量的影响研究,以期为小麦高产高效机械化栽培提供理论与实践依据。研究结果表明,LCB-10型小麦精确施肥旋耕播种机复合作业模式(模式2)与双轴分层切削施肥播种镇压开沟复式作业模式(模式1)的作业效率、植被覆盖率和出苗率高,越冬初期的幼苗叶面积与干物质积累量均较大,越冬苗体健壮度高,群体穗数与总粒数多,产量高,经济效益好,适宜大面积推广。其中模式2与模式1的作业效率比其他模式分别高0%~260%、100%~620%,2 a出苗率平均高6.77%~20.60%、6.13%~19.87%,2 a产量平均分别达9894.38和9689.64 kg/hm^(2),分别比其他模式高23.84%~42.90%、21.28%~39.94%,2 a经济效益平均分别比其他模式高51.54%~112.68%、46.94%~106.23%;模式2的播种深度较深,出苗均匀度不高,而模式1的露籽率相对较高;2BFG-10(6)230旋耕智能施肥播种机复合作业模式(模式4)的植被覆盖率高于模式3(LCB-10型小麦精确施肥旋耕播种机少免耕机条播模式)与模式6(传统浅旋耕整与人工撒播模式),出苗率与出苗均匀度高于模式3、模式5(传统机械施肥旋耕撒播模式)与模式6,露籽率少于模式5与模式6,群体干物质积累量较高,成熟期群体穗数、总粒数、产量与经济效益也均显著高于模式3、模式5与模式6,其中2 a产量平均高7.01%~15.39%,经济效益高14.23%~40.35%,也较适宜大面积推广应用。模式6由于大量使用人工,人工成本高于机械费用,虽播深适宜,但作业效率低,露籽率高,出苗均匀度差,幼苗单株分蘖数少,成熟期穗数少,穗型小,产量与经济效益最低,不适合小麦规模化丰产高效生产。

In order to provide theoretical and practical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency mechanized cultivation of wheat,different wheat tillage and sowing compound operation machines were selected,and the effects of different mechanized tillage and sowing modes on wheat seedling growth and yield were studied with traditional tillage and sowing machinery and artificial sowing planting as control in this study.The results showed that the compound operation mode of LCB-10 wheat precision fertilization rotary tillage planter(mode 2)and the compound operation mode of biaxial layered cutting,fertilization and sowing,pressing and trenching(mode 1)had high operation efficiency,vegetation coverage and seedling emergence rate,large seedling leaf area and dry matter accumulation in the early stage of overwintering,high overwintering seedling robustness,large population panicles and total grains,high yield and good economic benefit,it was suitable for large-scale popularization.Among them,the operation efficiency of mode 2 and mode 1 was 0%-260%,100%-620%higher than that of other modes,the average seedling emergence rate in two years was 6.77%-20.60%,6.13%-19.87%,the average grain yield in two years was 9894.38 and 9689.64 kg/hm^(2) respectively,which was 23.84%-42.90%,21.28%-39.94%higher than that of other modes,and the average economic benefit in two years was 51.54%-112.68%higher than that of other modes 46.94%-106.23%.The sowing depth of model 2 was deep and the uniformity of seedling emergence was not high,while the seed dew rate of model 1 was relatively high.The vegetation coverage rate of 2BFG-10(6)230 rotary tillage intelligent fertilization planter compound operation mode(mode 4)was higher than that of mode 3(LCB-10 wheat precision fertilization rotary tillage planter less no till drill mode)and mode 6(traditional shallow rotary tillage and manual sowing mode),and the seedling emergence rate and seedling uniformity were higher than that of mode 3,mode 5(traditional mechanical fertilization rotary tillage and sowing mode)and mode 6,the exposed seed rate was less than that of model 5 and model 6,the population dry matter accumulation is higher,the population panicle number,total grain number,yield and economic benefit at maturity were also significantly higher than that of model 3,model 5 and model 6,in which the average yield in two years was 7.01%-15.39%higher and the economic benefit was 14.23%-40.35%higher,which was also suitable for large-scale popularization and application.Although mode 6 had low mechanical and total investment cost and suitable sowing depth,it was not suitable for large-scale high-yield and high-efficiency production of wheat because of its high labor cost,low operation efficiency,high seed dew rate,poor seedling uniformity,few tillers per plant,few panicles at maturity,small panicle type and lowest yield and economic benefit.