我国政府粮食储备区域布局:现状、影响及优化路径

The Status Quo,Impact and Optimal Path of Regional Distribution of Government Grain Reserve in China

我国粮食产量实现“十七连丰”,粮食安全形势持续向好,政府粮食储备能力显著增强,区域布局问题值得关注。《中国的粮食安全》白皮书显示,2018年全国共有标准粮食仓房仓容6.7亿吨,简易仓容2.4亿吨,有效仓容总量比1996年增长31.9%。当前我国政府粮食储备主要布局在粮食主产区,而居民粮食消费主要集中在粮食主销区,政府粮食储备区域布局安排与居民粮食消费区域分布并不契合。这种粮食储备布局安排会造成粮食产区向销区“倒补贴”、销区“搭便车”现象频发以及时段性集中运输矛盾突出等深刻影响。基于此,借助宏观调控理论、政府间转移支付理论、博弈理论和流通理论,从完善政府粮食储备宏观调控机制、建立粮食储备产销区资金保障机制、构建粮食储备产销区利益协调机制以及建立产销区完善的粮食流通保障体系四个方面提出优化政府粮食储备区域布局的路径,充分发挥政府粮食储备调控粮食市场、稳定粮食价格的协同效应,从而实现我国粮食市场高质量发展。

In spite of 17 years’consecutive harvest and continuous improvement of food security situation in China,the government grain reserves regional layout deserves attention.According to the white paper“Food Security in China”,there were a total of 670 million tons of standard grain warehouses and 240 million tons of simple warehouses in 2018.The total effective warehouse capacity increased by 31.9%compared with 1996.At present,the layout of government grain reserves are mainly concentrated in the production areas,and the residents’grain consumption is mainly concentrated in the sales areas.The regional layout of the government’s grain reserves does not match that of residents’consumption.This kind of reserve layout arrangement will cause profound effects such as the“reverse subsidy”of grain production areas to sales areas,frequent occurrence of“free-rider phenomenon”in sales areas,and prominent contradictions in time-based centralized transportation.Therefore,based on macro-control theory,intergovernmental transfer payment theory,game theory and circulation theory,this paper proposes four ways to optimize the layout of government grain reserves which are improving the government’s grain reserve macro-control mechanism,establishing mechanism to guarantee grain reserve production and marketing area funding,constructing mechanism to coordinate the interests of grain reserve production and marketing area,and establishing a complete grain circulation security system in the production and marketing area so as to give full play to the synergistic effect of the government’s grain reserves in regulating the grain market and stabilizing grain prices to achieve high-quality development of my country’s grain market.