论“技术之思”的三条路径--兼议马克思技术批判的超越性

Three Paths of “Thinking of Technology”——On the Transcendence of Marx’s Technical Criticism

技术作为与人息息相关的"事件"而备受关注。在对技术范畴的考察中,有三条值得关注的解释路线。一是以实证思维对技术的工具论阐释,它秉承了"工具主义"的传统、以"价值中性"为旗号、以"实证经验"为方法,最终落入到了"技术决定论"的窠臼之中。二是以思辨抽象原则深掘技术的原罪,它着重以"后果"为参照,抹除技术与周遭环境、主体状况等的关联并对其进行理论抽象和思辨考察,继而深掘技术的"原罪"属性和对技术展开"浪漫主义"的抽象诠释。这两种阐释模式都只是对技术范畴的单向度阐释。三是马克思所开创的技术批判论,他直面技术这一"十九世纪特征的伟大事实"本身,在唯物史观和政治经济学批判的双重叙事中科学地揭示了技术的物质形态和社会形态,并确证了技术的"资本主义应用"的后果。在此基础上,马克思在人类社会的高度上阐发了技术的善用与自由王国的达至问题。作为一种深层的社会历史批判,马克思的技术批判论为现时代的正视、善用技术提供了科学的方法论指导。

Technology has attracted much attention as an "event" closely related to people.Three interpretation routes deserve attention in the investigation of the technical category.The first is the instrumental interpretation of technology by empirical thinking.It inherits the tradition of "instrumentalism",takes "value neutrality" as the banner and "empirical experience" as the basic method, finally falling into the "technological determinism".The second is based on the principle of speculative abstraction to explore the original sin of technology.It focuses on the "consequence" as a reference, erases the relationship between technology and the environment, subject conditions, etc.,and conducts theoretical abstract and speculative investigations on it, and then deeply explores the "original sin" of technology and the abstract interpretation of "romanticism" on technology.These two interpretation modes are one-dimensional interpretations of the technical category.The third is the critical theory of technology initiated by Marx.He faced up to technology, the "great fact characteristic of the nineteenth century", revealed the material and social forms of technology in the dual narrative of historical materialism and political economy criticism, and confirmed the consequences of the "capitalist application" of technology.On this basis, Marx explained the issue of the good use of technology and the attainment of the future free kingdom from the height of human social history.As a deep-level social and historical criticism paradigm, Marx’s technical criticism provides a scientific methodological guide for us in the modern era to face up to and make good use of technology.