影子教育治理的政策演变、困境及对策

The Policy Evolution, Predicament and Resolutions of Governing Shadow Education

进入21世纪以来政府对影子教育的治理可分为"无为而治""局部治理""全面严控"三个阶段。治理的困境在于:现有治理措施难以化解受教育者围绕优质高教资源开展竞争而传导至中小学教育阶段的压力;影子教育治理受制于对减负和素质教育的理解及其实践机制;封堵式治理忽视影子教育牵涉的教育公平问题,有可能引发更大的不公平;传统的治理观念难以有效应对影子教育的复杂性。改进措施包括:以多元人才观念引导高教领域的改革和发展,缓和传导至基础教育阶段的竞争压力;强化正规学校育人方面的主体责任并改革考评体制;采取措施保障低阶层学生对影子教育的参与;以整体性观念统筹治理影子教育的复杂性,认识到治理的有限性和长期性。

Since the inception of the new century,the government’s governance of shadow education has been divided into three stages:"no intervention","partial governance"and"comprehensively strict controlling".The dilemmas of governance lie in:1.Existing governance measures are difficult to resolve the pressure of primary and secondary education that was transmitted from the competition for high-quality higher education resources;2.Current governance is confined by common conceptions of academic burden reduction and quality education and their practice mechanism;3.Prohibition methods ignore the issue of educational equity involved in shadow education and may lead to greater educational unfairness.4.Traditional governance concepts are difficult to effectively cope with the complexity of shadow education.Improvement measures include:1.guiding the reform and development in higher education within the conception of diversified talents to reduce the pressure transmitted to fundamental education phase;2.strengthening regular schools’responsibilities for student cultivation and reforming evaluation system;3.taking measures to ensure the participation of lower-class students in shadow education;4.managing the complexity of shadow education with a holistic concept and realizing the limitation and the time length of governing shadow education.