2018—2020年重庆市某区农村环境卫生监测结果

Monitoring results of rural environmental sanitation in a district of Chongqing from 2018-2020

目的了解2018—2020年重庆市某区农村环境卫生现状及变化趋势,为相关行政部门制定政策措施提供技术支撑。方法采取简单随机抽样方法,选择5个镇(非城关镇),每个镇选择4个行政村,每个监测村选择5户家庭作为监测对象,调查集中式供水、卫生厕所、垃圾和污水、病媒生物防制等卫生状况,并对数据进行分析。结果2018—2020年,集中式供水覆盖人口比例由85.85%提高至97.17%,卫生厕所覆盖家庭比例由63.44%提高至87.31%;监测村的村内垃圾处理方式为再利用的比例均为100.00%;生活污水随意排放的比例呈下降趋势(65.00%、45.00%、20.00%),排放地点为河流、坑塘和农田的比例较高(均为85.00%),农药储存在杂物内的家庭比例逐年下降(75.75%、56.86%、52.38%),使用农药有防护措施的家庭比例分别为36.36%、56.86%和45.24%,饭前便后都有洗手习惯的家庭比例分别为77.00%、84.00%和74.00%;发现蟑螂成若虫、蟑螂活卵鞘或蟑迹、鼠迹、苍蝇的家庭比例逐年减少(χ^(2)=6.99、13.91、26.35,均P<0.01),发现积水容器的家庭数逐年增加(χ^(2)=42.37,P<0.01);土壤重金属镉含量超标率逐年下降(35.00%、30.00%、15.00%)。结论2018—2020年重庆市某区农村地区在改水改厕、垃圾处理及病媒生物防制方面取得一定成效,但在生活污水排放、农村居民防病意识等方面仍较薄弱,应进一步采取有效措施改善农村人居环境、提高居民环境保护和防病意识。

Objective To understand the current situation and changing trend of rural environmental health in a district of Chongqing from 2018-2020,provide technical support for relevant administrative departments to formulate policies and measures.Methods A simple random sampling method was used to select five towns(non-town government),four administrative villages were selected in each town,and five households in each monitoring village were selected as monitoring objects.The sanitary conditions of centralized water supply,sanitary toilets,garbage and sewage,and vector control were investigated.And the data were analyzed.Results From 2018 to 2020,the proportion of the population covered by centralized water supply increased from85.85%to 97.17%.The proportion of households covered by sanitary toilets increased from 63.44%to 87.31%.In the monitoring villages,the proportion of garbage disposal mode of recycling was all 100.00%.The proportion of random discharge of domestic sewage showed a decreasing trend(65.00%,45.00%,20.00%).The proportions of discharge sites in rivers,potholes and farmland were high(all was 85.00%).The proportion of households storing pesticides in sundries decreased year by year(75.75%,56.86%,52.38%).The proportion of households had protective measures for pesticide use was 36.36%,56.86%and 45.24%,respectively.The proportion of households washed their hands before eating and after using the toilet was 77.00%,84.00%and 74.00%,respectively.The proportion of households with cockroach adult nymphs,cockroach live oocyst or cockroach tracks,rodent tracks and flies decreased year by year(χ^(2)=6.99,13.91,26.35,all P<0.01),while the number of households with water containers increased year by year(χ^(2)=42.37,P<0.01).The over-standard rate of soil heavy metal cadmium content decreased year by year(35.00%,30.00%,15.00%).Conclusion From 2018 to 2020,some achievements have been made in improving water supply and toilets,garbage disposal,and vector control in rural areas of a district of Chongqing.However,the discharge of domestic sewage and the awareness of disease prevention of rural residents are still weak.Therefore,effective measures should be taken to improve the rural living environment and improve residents’awareness of environmental protection and disease prevention.