间充质干细胞来源外泌体的生物学特性及免疫调控作用

Biological characteristics and immunoregulation of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells

背景:阐明间充质干细胞来源外泌体的合成、调控作用,对未来外泌体的研究及应用有重要意义。目的:综述不同间充质干细胞来源外泌体的生物学特性及其在免疫调控中的作用,希望为未来外泌体的研究寻找新的突破点以及无细胞治疗提供思路。方法:检索PubMed数据库、万方数据库、CNKI中国期刊全文数据库收录的相关文献。英文检索词为“stem cell,mesenchymal stem cells,exosmes,immunomodulation,inflammatory mediator,biological characteristics of exosomes,biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells,regeneration”,中文检索词为“干细胞,间充质干细胞,外泌体,免疫调控,炎性因子,外泌体生物学特性,间充质干细胞生物学特性,再生”,最终纳入105篇文献进行归纳总结。结果与结论:间充质干细胞是广泛存在于机体各组织的一种多潜能干细胞,其除了具备干细胞特性外还具有免疫调控作用。间充质干细胞已被大量应用于临床,包括治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎患者,并取得较好的治疗效果。外泌体是一类起源于核内体、直径在40-200 nm的胞外囊泡,间充质干细胞来源外泌体具有与其母源细胞相同的免疫调控功能,例如携带免疫抑制因子、影响巨噬细胞向M2型极化、调节T细胞的分化及抗原提呈等作用。

BACKGROUND:Clarifying the synthesis and regulation of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells is of great significance to the research and application of exosomes in the future.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the biological characteristics in exosomes derived from different mesenchymal stem cells and the role of these exosomes in the immune regulation,which hopes to find new breakthroughs in the study of exosomes in the future and provide ideas for cell-free therapy.METHODS:The articles were searched on PubMed,CNKI and Wanfang using the keywords of“stem cells,mesenchymal stem cells,exosomes,immunomodulation,inflammatory mediator,biological characteristics of exosomes,biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells,regeneration”in Chinese and English.Finally,105 articles were included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Mesenchymal stem cells are a type of pluripotent stem cells that exist widely in various tissues of the body.Mesenchymal stem cells not only have stem cell characteristics,but also play an important role in the immunosuppressive properties.Mesenchymal stem cells had been clinically applied for the treatment of many diseases.Therefore,mesenchymal stem cells were used to manage novel coronavirus pneumonia,and had ideal treatment effect.Exosomes are endosome-derived nanometer-scale vesicles(40-200 nm in diameter).Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have the same immune regulation function as its maternal cells,including that carrying immunosuppressive factors,promoting macrophages polarization into M2 type,preventing differentiation of pro-inflammatory T cell subsets and inhibiting antigen presentation.