16世纪末日本与西属菲律宾的外交关系

The Diplomatic Relationship between Japan and Spanish Philippines in the Late 16th Century

1592年万历朝鲜战争爆发前夕,丰臣秀吉遣使马尼拉,要求菲律宾的西班牙人遣使朝贡。1592—1594年双方围绕着纳贡称臣与否的不同政治诉求先后三次相互遣使致信,其中不乏谎言与欺骗。1594—1596年西班牙方济各会士在日本的传教活动取得迅速进展,这似乎意味着双方外交关系的发展前景一片光明,但是1596年"圣菲利普号事件"和1597年"二十六圣人殉教事件"使得双方的外交关系瞬间跌入冰点。1597年西属菲律宾遣使赴日交涉,但却迎来丰臣秀吉的强硬回复。西属菲律宾不仅对此无可奈何,甚至直到1598年丰臣秀吉去世乃至侵朝日军撤回本土时,依旧笼罩在日本侵略的恐惧当中。这一时期日本与西属菲律宾的外交关系反映出东方华夷秩序与西方殖民体系之间异质文明碰撞的缩影。

Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent a diplomatic mission to Manila in 1592,and requested the Spanish Philippines to send the tributary mission to Japan.From 1592 to 1594,they sent letters to each other for three times,which focused on paying tributes and obedience to Japan.The letters were filled with lies and deceptions.The rapid missionary progress of Spanish Franciscans in Japan from 1594 to 1596 seemed to expect a bright diplomatic future,but the San Felipe Incident in 1596 and the Twenty-Six Martyrs Incident in 1597 seriously ruined their relationship.Even though the Spanish Philippines sent the envoy to negotiate for the tragedy in 1597,they received a tough response from Toyotomi Hideyoshi.The Spanish Philippines could do nothing to change the case.Neither could they get rid of the horror that Japan would invade them until the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the withdrawal of Japanese troops.The diplomatic relationship between Japan and the Spanish Philippines during this period epitomized the collision between the eastern tributary order and the western colonial system.