辩证法抑或反辩证法?——梅洛-庞蒂论萨特的共产主义观

Dialectics or Anti-dialectics—Merleau-Ponty on Sartre s View of Communism

政治哲学不仅奠基于相关哲学理论,还受制于重要政治事件。萨特的现象学存在论侧重意识,梅洛-庞蒂的知觉现象学聚焦知觉,他们对莫斯科审判和朝鲜战争这两个二战后的重大政治事件有不同的哲学思考。尤其是梅洛-庞蒂从《人道主义与恐怖》到《辩证法的历险》,经历了从“客观”评说东西方社会政治制度向严词批评斯大林主义的转变,对萨特的“反辩证法”立场和同情苏联共产主义的理论实质作了全面剖析,从而阐发了其非共产主义的“模糊”态度。本质上,无论是萨特的存在主义马克思主义,还是梅洛-庞蒂的马克思主义“观望主义”,都不是真正的马克思主义,他们对马克思思想的理解在不同程度上是片面的。虽然梅洛-庞蒂断言辩证法的历险误入了歧途,但他的非共产主义模糊态度也未必就是正道。萨特和梅洛-庞蒂虽然对苏联共产主义持不同立场,但都未能解答苏联社会主义革命和实践留下的这些重大问题:马克思主义如何结合各国实际情况得以发展?马克思主义的理论与各国具体实践如何有机结合?如何实现人类自由全面发展的共产主义理想?因此,把解释世界与改造世界结合起来,探索人类自由全面发展社会的理论和实践,依然任重道远。

Political philosophy is not only based on relevant philosophical theories,but also subject to important political events.Sartre s Phenomenological Ontology focuses on consciousness and Merleau-Ponty s phenomenology of perception focuses on perception.They have different philosophical thoughts on the Moscow trial and the Korean War,two major political events after World War II.In particular,Merleau-Ponty experienced the transformation from“objective”comment on the social and political systems of the East and the West to severe criticism of Stalinism from Humanism and horror to Adventure of dialectics.He made a comprehensive analysis of Sartre s“anti-dialectics”position and the theoretical essence of sympathizing with Soviet communism,so as to clarify his“ambiguous”attitude of non-communism.This paper holds that neither Sartre s existentialist Marxism nor Merleau-Ponty s Marxist“wait-and-see doctrine”is real Marxism.Their understanding of Marx s ideas is,to varying degrees,one-sided.Although Merleau-Ponty asserts that the adventure of dialectics has gone astray,his ambiguous attitude of non-communism may not be the right way.Although Sartre and Merleau-Ponty held different positions on Soviet communism,they failed to answer and solve these major problems left by the socialist revolution and practice of the former Soviet Union:how can Marxism develop in combination with the actual situation of various countries?How to organically combine Marxist theory with the specific practice of various countries?How to realize the communist ideal of free and all-round human development?Therefore,there is still a long way to go to explore the theory and practice of free and all-round human development society by combining the interpretation of the world with the transformation of the world.