基于人力资本存量贬损的劳动力职业能力开发——日、韩、新、印的历史轨迹与实践逻辑

A Study on Development of Labor Professional Ability Based on Depreciation of Human Capital Stock: Historical Track and Practical Logic of Japan,South Korea,Singapore and India

科学技术加速进步导致劳动力在经济生命周期中人力资本存量贬损前移、速度加快、程度加深,需要补偿和/或防范型人力资本投资以应对之。政府应对人力资本存量贬损的行动定位为:再配置人力资本投资资源、引导和促进劳动就业迭代、分长短期实施失业治理。日本、韩国、新加坡和印度四国的劳动力职业能力开发实践验证了政府的行动定位,对人力资本投资资源的再配置表现为政府针对劳动力职业开发制定顶层设计,在包容性发展理念下将通用性技能全民覆盖以助力劳动就业迭代,基于可持续生计实施终身职业能力开发以治理长期失业。研究结论有二:政府在劳动力职业能力开发中肩负着资源配置的职责以弥补市场机制不足,劳动力职业能力开发需要联动多个利益主体协同实施。对中国的启示有三:坚持政府主导制定劳动力职业能力开发的顶层设计,建构同时涵盖劳动力全体和个体的立体化职业能力开发体系,劳动力职业能力开发需规划清晰的职业生涯路径。

The accelerated progress of science and technology leads to the forward move of depreciation of human capital stock with acceleration and deepening in the economic life cycle of the labors,which needs compensation and/or prevention investment.Considering the basic role of general human capital in technology diffusion,as well as the technical unemployment and structural unemployment faced by the labors,the government’s macro-control of the development of labor professional ability is needed to overcome the market failure. The development of labor professional ability in Britain,France,Germany,and the United States can be summed up into three models: market-orientation,government leading,and market-government cooperation. However,the practice in Southeast Asian countries such as South Korea,Singapore and India shows that market-government cooperation model is the most common one. Although intra enterprise training is dominant in Japan,it shows dynamic adjustment among different modes in history. The macro-control function of the four governments is in the top-level design: firstly,the top-level design framework is determined by laws and regulations;secondly,the general trainings cover all the labor force in accordance with the concept of inclusive development;thirdly,the lifelong vocational ability development is carried out in the perspective of building sustainable livelihoods;fourthly,the labors need skills for future technology.